IBPS Solved Question Paper haminpur.com
1. Directions (Q. 1-13) Read the following interview and answer the given questions based on that. Some words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
A pioneering new book, Gender and Green Governance, explores a central question: if women had adequate representation in forestry institutions, would it make a difference to them their communities and forests as a national resource? Interview with the author.
Why has access to forests been such a conflict-ridden issue?
This is not surprising. Forests constitute not just community and national wealth, but global wealth. But for millions, forests are also critical for livelihoods and their daily lives.
Your first book, Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes (1986), was about forests. Is there an evolution of argument here?
Yes indeed. In Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes, I had argued that social forestry, with its top-down implementation and focus on commercial species, was neither ‘social’ nor ‘forestry’, and would protect neither forests nor village livelihoods. The answer, I argued, lay in allowing forest communities to manage local forests. Finally, in 1990, India launched the joint forest management programme and Nepal also started community forestry. So, I decided to see for myself how community forestry was actually doing.
Between 1995 and 1999, I travelled extensively across India and Nepal and found a paradox. Forests were indeed becoming greener but women’s problem of firewood shortages persisted and in many cases had become more acute. Also, despite their high stakes in forests, women continued to be largely excluded from forest management. I coined the term ‘participatory exclusions’ to describe this. However, the current book is less about women’s exclusion. I ask : what if women were present in forest governance? What difference would that make?
But has this question not been raised before?
Economists researching environmental collective action have paid little attention to gender. Scholars from other disciplines focusing on gender and governance have been concerned mainly with women’s near absence from governance institutions. The presumption is that once women are present all good things will follow. But can we assume this? No, rural women’s relationship with forests is complex. On the one hand, their everyday dependence on forests for firewood, fodder, etc., creates a strong stake in conservation. On the other, the same dependence can compel them to extract heavily from forests. As one landless woman told me: ‘Of course, it hurts me to cut a green branch but what do I do if my children are hungry? Taking an agnostic position, I decided to test varied propositions, controlling for other factors.
What did you find?
First, women’s greater presence enhances their effective voice in decision making. And there is a critical mass effect. If forest management groups have 25-33% female members in their executive committees it significantly increases the likelihood of women attending meetings, speaking up and holding office. However, the inclusion of landless women makes a particular difference. When present in sufficient numbers they are more likely to attend meetings and voice their concerns than landed women. So what matters is not just including more women, but more poor women.
Second, and unexpectedly, groups with more women typically make stricter forest use rules. Why is this the case? Mainly because they receive poorer forests from the forest department. To regenerate these, they have to sacrifice their immediate needs. Women from households with some land have some fallback. But remarkably even in groups with more landless women, although extraction is higher, they still balance self-interest with conservation goals, when placed in decision making positions.
Third, groups with more women outperform other groups in improving forest conditions, despite getting poorer forests. Involving women substantially improves protection and conflict resolution, helps the use of their knowledge of local biodiversity and raises children’s awareness about conservation.
What was author's view on 'Social Forestry Scheme'?
(A). A great success
(B). Beneficial for villagers
(C). Neither good nor bad
(D). Should have been implemented as 'top down'
Right Answer: E
2. Directions (Q. 1-13) Read the following interview and answer the given questions based on that. Some words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
A pioneering new book, Gender and Green Governance, explores a central question: if women had adequate representation in forestry institutions, would it make a difference to them their communities and forests as a national resource? Interview with the author.
Why has access to forests been such a conflict-ridden issue?
This is not surprising. Forests constitute not just community and national wealth, but global wealth. But for millions, forests are also critical for livelihoods and their daily lives.
Your first book, Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes (1986), was about forests. Is there an evolution of argument here?
Yes indeed. In Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes, I had argued that social forestry, with its top-down implementation and focus on commercial species, was neither ‘social’ nor ‘forestry’, and would protect neither forests nor village livelihoods. The answer, I argued, lay in allowing forest communities to manage local forests. Finally, in 1990, India launched the joint forest management programme and Nepal also started community forestry. So, I decided to see for myself how community forestry was actually doing.
Between 1995 and 1999, I travelled extensively across India and Nepal and found a paradox. Forests were indeed becoming greener but women’s problem of firewood shortages persisted and in many cases had become more acute. Also, despite their high stakes in forests, women continued to be largely excluded from forest management. I coined the term ‘participatory exclusions’ to describe this. However, the current book is less about women’s exclusion. I ask : what if women were present in forest governance? What difference would that make?
But has this question not been raised before?
Economists researching environmental collective action have paid little attention to gender. Scholars from other disciplines focusing on gender and governance have been concerned mainly with women’s near absence from governance institutions. The presumption is that once women are present all good things will follow. But can we assume this? No, rural women’s relationship with forests is complex. On the one hand, their everyday dependence on forests for firewood, fodder, etc., creates a strong stake in conservation. On the other, the same dependence can compel them to extract heavily from forests. As one landless woman told me: ‘Of course, it hurts me to cut a green branch but what do I do if my children are hungry? Taking an agnostic position, I decided to test varied propositions, controlling for other factors.
What did you find?
First, women’s greater presence enhances their effective voice in decision making. And there is a critical mass effect. If forest management groups have 25-33% female members in their executive committees it significantly increases the likelihood of women attending meetings, speaking up and holding office. However, the inclusion of landless women makes a particular difference. When present in sufficient numbers they are more likely to attend meetings and voice their concerns than landed women. So what matters is not just including more women, but more poor women.
Second, and unexpectedly, groups with more women typically make stricter forest use rules. Why is this the case? Mainly because they receive poorer forests from the forest department. To regenerate these, they have to sacrifice their immediate needs. Women from households with some land have some fallback. But remarkably even in groups with more landless women, although extraction is higher, they still balance self-interest with conservation goals, when placed in decision making positions.
Third, groups with more women outperform other groups in improving forest conditions, despite getting poorer forests. Involving women substantially improves protection and conflict resolution, helps the use of their knowledge of local biodiversity and raises children’s awareness about conservation.
Which of the following is one of the reasons of forests being aconflict ridden issue?
(A). Some countries have larger forest cover
(B). There is less awareness about global warming
(C). High dependence of many on forests
(D). Less representation of women
Right Answer: C
3. Directions (Q. 1-13) Read the following interview and answer the given questions based on that. Some words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
A pioneering new book, Gender and Green Governance, explores a central question: if women had adequate representation in forestry institutions, would it make a difference to them their communities and forests as a national resource? Interview with the author.
Why has access to forests been such a conflict-ridden issue?
This is not surprising. Forests constitute not just community and national wealth, but global wealth. But for millions, forests are also critical for livelihoods and their daily lives.
Your first book, Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes (1986), was about forests. Is there an evolution of argument here?
Yes indeed. In Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes, I had argued that social forestry, with its top-down implementation and focus on commercial species, was neither ‘social’ nor ‘forestry’, and would protect neither forests nor village livelihoods. The answer, I argued, lay in allowing forest communities to manage local forests. Finally, in 1990, India launched the joint forest management programme and Nepal also started community forestry. So, I decided to see for myself how community forestry was actually doing.
Between 1995 and 1999, I travelled extensively across India and Nepal and found a paradox. Forests were indeed becoming greener but women’s problem of firewood shortages persisted and in many cases had become more acute. Also, despite their high stakes in forests, women continued to be largely excluded from forest management. I coined the term ‘participatory exclusions’ to describe this. However, the current book is less about women’s exclusion. I ask : what if women were present in forest governance? What difference would that make?
But has this question not been raised before?
Economists researching environmental collective action have paid little attention to gender. Scholars from other disciplines focusing on gender and governance have been concerned mainly with women’s near absence from governance institutions. The presumption is that once women are present all good things will follow. But can we assume this? No, rural women’s relationship with forests is complex. On the one hand, their everyday dependence on forests for firewood, fodder, etc., creates a strong stake in conservation. On the other, the same dependence can compel them to extract heavily from forests. As one landless woman told me: ‘Of course, it hurts me to cut a green branch but what do I do if my children are hungry? Taking an agnostic position, I decided to test varied propositions, controlling for other factors.
What did you find?
First, women’s greater presence enhances their effective voice in decision making. And there is a critical mass effect. If forest management groups have 25-33% female members in their executive committees it significantly increases the likelihood of women attending meetings, speaking up and holding office. However, the inclusion of landless women makes a particular difference. When present in sufficient numbers they are more likely to attend meetings and voice their concerns than landed women. So what matters is not just including more women, but more poor women.
Second, and unexpectedly, groups with more women typically make stricter forest use rules. Why is this the case? Mainly because they receive poorer forests from the forest department. To regenerate these, they have to sacrifice their immediate needs. Women from households with some land have some fallback. But remarkably even in groups with more landless women, although extraction is higher, they still balance self-interest with conservation goals, when placed in decision making positions.
Third, groups with more women outperform other groups in improving forest conditions, despite getting poorer forests. Involving women substantially improves protection and conflict resolution, helps the use of their knowledge of local biodiversity and raises children’s awareness about conservation.
The author is advocating inclusion of
(A). more landless women
(B). more landed women
(C). more women irrespective of their financial status
(D). local people
Right Answer: A
4. Directions (Q. 1-13) Read the following interview and answer the given questions based on that. Some words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
A pioneering new book, Gender and Green Governance, explores a central question: if women had adequate representation in forestry institutions, would it make a difference to them their communities and forests as a national resource? Interview with the author.
Why has access to forests been such a conflict-ridden issue?
This is not surprising. Forests constitute not just community and national wealth, but global wealth. But for millions, forests are also critical for livelihoods and their daily lives.
Your first book, Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes (1986), was about forests. Is there an evolution of argument here?
Yes indeed. In Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes, I had argued that social forestry, with its top-down implementation and focus on commercial species, was neither ‘social’ nor ‘forestry’, and would protect neither forests nor village livelihoods. The answer, I argued, lay in allowing forest communities to manage local forests. Finally, in 1990, India launched the joint forest management programme and Nepal also started community forestry. So, I decided to see for myself how community forestry was actually doing.
Between 1995 and 1999, I travelled extensively across India and Nepal and found a paradox. Forests were indeed becoming greener but women’s problem of firewood shortages persisted and in many cases had become more acute. Also, despite their high stakes in forests, women continued to be largely excluded from forest management. I coined the term ‘participatory exclusions’ to describe this. However, the current book is less about women’s exclusion. I ask : what if women were present in forest governance? What difference would that make?
But has this question not been raised before?
Economists researching environmental collective action have paid little attention to gender. Scholars from other disciplines focusing on gender and governance have been concerned mainly with women’s near absence from governance institutions. The presumption is that once women are present all good things will follow. But can we assume this? No, rural women’s relationship with forests is complex. On the one hand, their everyday dependence on forests for firewood, fodder, etc., creates a strong stake in conservation. On the other, the same dependence can compel them to extract heavily from forests. As one landless woman told me: ‘Of course, it hurts me to cut a green branch but what do I do if my children are hungry? Taking an agnostic position, I decided to test varied propositions, controlling for other factors.
What did you find?
First, women’s greater presence enhances their effective voice in decision making. And there is a critical mass effect. If forest management groups have 25-33% female members in their executive committees it significantly increases the likelihood of women attending meetings, speaking up and holding office. However, the inclusion of landless women makes a particular difference. When present in sufficient numbers they are more likely to attend meetings and voice their concerns than landed women. So what matters is not just including more women, but more poor women.
Second, and unexpectedly, groups with more women typically make stricter forest use rules. Why is this the case? Mainly because they receive poorer forests from the forest department. To regenerate these, they have to sacrifice their immediate needs. Women from households with some land have some fallback. But remarkably even in groups with more landless women, although extraction is higher, they still balance self-interest with conservation goals, when placed in decision making positions.
Third, groups with more women outperform other groups in improving forest conditions, despite getting poorer forests. Involving women substantially improves protection and conflict resolution, helps the use of their knowledge of local biodiversity and raises children’s awareness about conservation.
Which of the following best describes 'participatory exclusion' as used in the interview?
(A). Outside support
(B). Overdependence
(C). Benefitting without self interest
(D). Contributing with profits
Right Answer: E
5. Directions (Q. 1-13) Read the following interview and answer the given questions based on that. Some words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
A pioneering new book, Gender and Green Governance, explores a central question: if women had adequate representation in forestry institutions, would it make a difference to them their communities and forests as a national resource? Interview with the author.
Why has access to forests been such a conflict-ridden issue?
This is not surprising. Forests constitute not just community and national wealth, but global wealth. But for millions, forests are also critical for livelihoods and their daily lives.
Your first book, Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes (1986), was about forests. Is there an evolution of argument here?
Yes indeed. In Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes, I had argued that social forestry, with its top-down implementation and focus on commercial species, was neither ‘social’ nor ‘forestry’, and would protect neither forests nor village livelihoods. The answer, I argued, lay in allowing forest communities to manage local forests. Finally, in 1990, India launched the joint forest management programme and Nepal also started community forestry. So, I decided to see for myself how community forestry was actually doing.
Between 1995 and 1999, I travelled extensively across India and Nepal and found a paradox. Forests were indeed becoming greener but women’s problem of firewood shortages persisted and in many cases had become more acute. Also, despite their high stakes in forests, women continued to be largely excluded from forest management. I coined the term ‘participatory exclusions’ to describe this. However, the current book is less about women’s exclusion. I ask : what if women were present in forest governance? What difference would that make?
But has this question not been raised before?
Economists researching environmental collective action have paid little attention to gender. Scholars from other disciplines focusing on gender and governance have been concerned mainly with women’s near absence from governance institutions. The presumption is that once women are present all good things will follow. But can we assume this? No, rural women’s relationship with forests is complex. On the one hand, their everyday dependence on forests for firewood, fodder, etc., creates a strong stake in conservation. On the other, the same dependence can compel them to extract heavily from forests. As one landless woman told me: ‘Of course, it hurts me to cut a green branch but what do I do if my children are hungry? Taking an agnostic position, I decided to test varied propositions, controlling for other factors.
What did you find?
First, women’s greater presence enhances their effective voice in decision making. And there is a critical mass effect. If forest management groups have 25-33% female members in their executive committees it significantly increases the likelihood of women attending meetings, speaking up and holding office. However, the inclusion of landless women makes a particular difference. When present in sufficient numbers they are more likely to attend meetings and voice their concerns than landed women. So what matters is not just including more women, but more poor women.
Second, and unexpectedly, groups with more women typically make stricter forest use rules. Why is this the case? Mainly because they receive poorer forests from the forest department. To regenerate these, they have to sacrifice their immediate needs. Women from households with some land have some fallback. But remarkably even in groups with more landless women, although extraction is higher, they still balance self-interest with conservation goals, when placed in decision making positions.
Third, groups with more women outperform other groups in improving forest conditions, despite getting poorer forests. Involving women substantially improves protection and conflict resolution, helps the use of their knowledge of local biodiversity and raises children’s awareness about conservation.
Author's current book is more about
(A). barren to greener slopes
(B). local groups with more women
(C). a fine balance between conservation and commercial forestry
(D). top down approach to community forestry
Right Answer: E
6. Directions (Q. 1-13) Read the following interview and answer the given questions based on that. Some words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
A pioneering new book, Gender and Green Governance, explores a central question: if women had adequate representation in forestry institutions, would it make a difference to them their communities and forests as a national resource? Interview with the author.
Why has access to forests been such a conflict-ridden issue?
This is not surprising. Forests constitute not just community and national wealth, but global wealth. But for millions, forests are also critical for livelihoods and their daily lives.
Your first book, Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes (1986), was about forests. Is there an evolution of argument here?
Yes indeed. In Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes, I had argued that social forestry, with its top-down implementation and focus on commercial species, was neither ‘social’ nor ‘forestry’, and would protect neither forests nor village livelihoods. The answer, I argued, lay in allowing forest communities to manage local forests. Finally, in 1990, India launched the joint forest management programme and Nepal also started community forestry. So, I decided to see for myself how community forestry was actually doing.
Between 1995 and 1999, I travelled extensively across India and Nepal and found a paradox. Forests were indeed becoming greener but women’s problem of firewood shortages persisted and in many cases had become more acute. Also, despite their high stakes in forests, women continued to be largely excluded from forest management. I coined the term ‘participatory exclusions’ to describe this. However, the current book is less about women’s exclusion. I ask : what if women were present in forest governance? What difference would that make?
But has this question not been raised before?
Economists researching environmental collective action have paid little attention to gender. Scholars from other disciplines focusing on gender and governance have been concerned mainly with women’s near absence from governance institutions. The presumption is that once women are present all good things will follow. But can we assume this? No, rural women’s relationship with forests is complex. On the one hand, their everyday dependence on forests for firewood, fodder, etc., creates a strong stake in conservation. On the other, the same dependence can compel them to extract heavily from forests. As one landless woman told me: ‘Of course, it hurts me to cut a green branch but what do I do if my children are hungry? Taking an agnostic position, I decided to test varied propositions, controlling for other factors.
What did you find?
First, women’s greater presence enhances their effective voice in decision making. And there is a critical mass effect. If forest management groups have 25-33% female members in their executive committees it significantly increases the likelihood of women attending meetings, speaking up and holding office. However, the inclusion of landless women makes a particular difference. When present in sufficient numbers they are more likely to attend meetings and voice their concerns than landed women. So what matters is not just including more women, but more poor women.
Second, and unexpectedly, groups with more women typically make stricter forest use rules. Why is this the case? Mainly because they receive poorer forests from the forest department. To regenerate these, they have to sacrifice their immediate needs. Women from households with some land have some fallback. But remarkably even in groups with more landless women, although extraction is higher, they still balance self-interest with conservation goals, when placed in decision making positions.
Third, groups with more women outperform other groups in improving forest conditions, despite getting poorer forests. Involving women substantially improves protection and conflict resolution, helps the use of their knowledge of local biodiversity and raises children’s awareness about conservation.
What percent of female members in the Executive Committee for ForestManagement is being recommended by the author?
(A). Less than 25%
(B). More than 50%
(C). 100%
(D). About 75%
Right Answer: E
7. Directions (Q. 1-13) Read the following interview and answer the given questions based on that. Some words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
A pioneering new book, Gender and Green Governance, explores a central question: if women had adequate representation in forestry institutions, would it make a difference to them their communities and forests as a national resource? Interview with the author.
Why has access to forests been such a conflict-ridden issue?
This is not surprising. Forests constitute not just community and national wealth, but global wealth. But for millions, forests are also critical for livelihoods and their daily lives.
Your first book, Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes (1986), was about forests. Is there an evolution of argument here?
Yes indeed. In Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes, I had argued that social forestry, with its top-down implementation and focus on commercial species, was neither ‘social’ nor ‘forestry’, and would protect neither forests nor village livelihoods. The answer, I argued, lay in allowing forest communities to manage local forests. Finally, in 1990, India launched the joint forest management programme and Nepal also started community forestry. So, I decided to see for myself how community forestry was actually doing.
Between 1995 and 1999, I travelled extensively across India and Nepal and found a paradox. Forests were indeed becoming greener but women’s problem of firewood shortages persisted and in many cases had become more acute. Also, despite their high stakes in forests, women continued to be largely excluded from forest management. I coined the term ‘participatory exclusions’ to describe this. However, the current book is less about women’s exclusion. I ask : what if women were present in forest governance? What difference would that make?
But has this question not been raised before?
Economists researching environmental collective action have paid little attention to gender. Scholars from other disciplines focusing on gender and governance have been concerned mainly with women’s near absence from governance institutions. The presumption is that once women are present all good things will follow. But can we assume this? No, rural women’s relationship with forests is complex. On the one hand, their everyday dependence on forests for firewood, fodder, etc., creates a strong stake in conservation. On the other, the same dependence can compel them to extract heavily from forests. As one landless woman told me: ‘Of course, it hurts me to cut a green branch but what do I do if my children are hungry? Taking an agnostic position, I decided to test varied propositions, controlling for other factors.
What did you find?
First, women’s greater presence enhances their effective voice in decision making. And there is a critical mass effect. If forest management groups have 25-33% female members in their executive committees it significantly increases the likelihood of women attending meetings, speaking up and holding office. However, the inclusion of landless women makes a particular difference. When present in sufficient numbers they are more likely to attend meetings and voice their concerns than landed women. So what matters is not just including more women, but more poor women.
Second, and unexpectedly, groups with more women typically make stricter forest use rules. Why is this the case? Mainly because they receive poorer forests from the forest department. To regenerate these, they have to sacrifice their immediate needs. Women from households with some land have some fallback. But remarkably even in groups with more landless women, although extraction is higher, they still balance self-interest with conservation goals, when placed in decision making positions.
Third, groups with more women outperform other groups in improving forest conditions, despite getting poorer forests. Involving women substantially improves protection and conflict resolution, helps the use of their knowledge of local biodiversity and raises children’s awareness about conservation.
Why does author say, 'Rural women' s relationship with forests iscomplex'?
(A). Dependence forces them to extract and also have concern forconservation
(B). If they protect forests, their livelihood is severely affected
(C). Poor women have been excluded from forest management
(D). They cannot be asked to restore forests which are critical for them
Right Answer: A
8. Directions (Q. 1-13) Read the following interview and answer the given questions based on that. Some words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
A pioneering new book, Gender and Green Governance, explores a central question: if women had adequate representation in forestry institutions, would it make a difference to them their communities and forests as a national resource? Interview with the author.
Why has access to forests been such a conflict-ridden issue?
This is not surprising. Forests constitute not just community and national wealth, but global wealth. But for millions, forests are also critical for livelihoods and their daily lives.
Your first book, Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes (1986), was about forests. Is there an evolution of argument here?
Yes indeed. In Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes, I had argued that social forestry, with its top-down implementation and focus on commercial species, was neither ‘social’ nor ‘forestry’, and would protect neither forests nor village livelihoods. The answer, I argued, lay in allowing forest communities to manage local forests. Finally, in 1990, India launched the joint forest management programme and Nepal also started community forestry. So, I decided to see for myself how community forestry was actually doing.
Between 1995 and 1999, I travelled extensively across India and Nepal and found a paradox. Forests were indeed becoming greener but women’s problem of firewood shortages persisted and in many cases had become more acute. Also, despite their high stakes in forests, women continued to be largely excluded from forest management. I coined the term ‘participatory exclusions’ to describe this. However, the current book is less about women’s exclusion. I ask : what if women were present in forest governance? What difference would that make?
But has this question not been raised before?
Economists researching environmental collective action have paid little attention to gender. Scholars from other disciplines focusing on gender and governance have been concerned mainly with women’s near absence from governance institutions. The presumption is that once women are present all good things will follow. But can we assume this? No, rural women’s relationship with forests is complex. On the one hand, their everyday dependence on forests for firewood, fodder, etc., creates a strong stake in conservation. On the other, the same dependence can compel them to extract heavily from forests. As one landless woman told me: ‘Of course, it hurts me to cut a green branch but what do I do if my children are hungry? Taking an agnostic position, I decided to test varied propositions, controlling for other factors.
What did you find?
First, women’s greater presence enhances their effective voice in decision making. And there is a critical mass effect. If forest management groups have 25-33% female members in their executive committees it significantly increases the likelihood of women attending meetings, speaking up and holding office. However, the inclusion of landless women makes a particular difference. When present in sufficient numbers they are more likely to attend meetings and voice their concerns than landed women. So what matters is not just including more women, but more poor women.
Second, and unexpectedly, groups with more women typically make stricter forest use rules. Why is this the case? Mainly because they receive poorer forests from the forest department. To regenerate these, they have to sacrifice their immediate needs. Women from households with some land have some fallback. But remarkably even in groups with more landless women, although extraction is higher, they still balance self-interest with conservation goals, when placed in decision making positions.
Third, groups with more women outperform other groups in improving forest conditions, despite getting poorer forests. Involving women substantially improves protection and conflict resolution, helps the use of their knowledge of local biodiversity and raises children’s awareness about conservation.
Landless women, when in decision making role
(A). extract much more from forest
(B). improve their own financial status
(C). do not care for forest
(D). are able to meet conservation objectives as well as their owninterest
Right Answer: D
9. Directions (Q. 1-13) Read the following interview and answer the given questions based on that. Some words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
A pioneering new book, Gender and Green Governance, explores a central question: if women had adequate representation in forestry institutions, would it make a difference to them their communities and forests as a national resource? Interview with the author.
Why has access to forests been such a conflict-ridden issue?
This is not surprising. Forests constitute not just community and national wealth, but global wealth. But for millions, forests are also critical for livelihoods and their daily lives.
Your first book, Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes (1986), was about forests. Is there an evolution of argument here?
Yes indeed. In Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes, I had argued that social forestry, with its top-down implementation and focus on commercial species, was neither ‘social’ nor ‘forestry’, and would protect neither forests nor village livelihoods. The answer, I argued, lay in allowing forest communities to manage local forests. Finally, in 1990, India launched the joint forest management programme and Nepal also started community forestry. So, I decided to see for myself how community forestry was actually doing.
Between 1995 and 1999, I travelled extensively across India and Nepal and found a paradox. Forests were indeed becoming greener but women’s problem of firewood shortages persisted and in many cases had become more acute. Also, despite their high stakes in forests, women continued to be largely excluded from forest management. I coined the term ‘participatory exclusions’ to describe this. However, the current book is less about women’s exclusion. I ask : what if women were present in forest governance? What difference would that make?
But has this question not been raised before?
Economists researching environmental collective action have paid little attention to gender. Scholars from other disciplines focusing on gender and governance have been concerned mainly with women’s near absence from governance institutions. The presumption is that once women are present all good things will follow. But can we assume this? No, rural women’s relationship with forests is complex. On the one hand, their everyday dependence on forests for firewood, fodder, etc., creates a strong stake in conservation. On the other, the same dependence can compel them to extract heavily from forests. As one landless woman told me: ‘Of course, it hurts me to cut a green branch but what do I do if my children are hungry? Taking an agnostic position, I decided to test varied propositions, controlling for other factors.
What did you find?
First, women’s greater presence enhances their effective voice in decision making. And there is a critical mass effect. If forest management groups have 25-33% female members in their executive committees it significantly increases the likelihood of women attending meetings, speaking up and holding office. However, the inclusion of landless women makes a particular difference. When present in sufficient numbers they are more likely to attend meetings and voice their concerns than landed women. So what matters is not just including more women, but more poor women.
Second, and unexpectedly, groups with more women typically make stricter forest use rules. Why is this the case? Mainly because they receive poorer forests from the forest department. To regenerate these, they have to sacrifice their immediate needs. Women from households with some land have some fallback. But remarkably even in groups with more landless women, although extraction is higher, they still balance self-interest with conservation goals, when placed in decision making positions.
Third, groups with more women outperform other groups in improving forest conditions, despite getting poorer forests. Involving women substantially improves protection and conflict resolution, helps the use of their knowledge of local biodiversity and raises children’s awareness about conservation.
When more women are involved, which of the following also happens?
(A). They get poorer forests
(B). They come to know about conservation needs
(C). Children become more aware about conservation
(D). They are able to devote more time to conservation
Right Answer: C
10. Directions (Q. 10-13) Choose the word/group of words which is most nearly the same in meaning of the words printed in bold.
Directions (Q. 1-13) Read the following interview and answer the given questions based on that. Some words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
A pioneering new book, Gender and Green Governance, explores a central question: if women had adequate representation in forestry institutions, would it make a difference to them their communities and forests as a national resource? Interview with the author.
Why has access to forests been such a conflict-ridden issue?
This is not surprising. Forests constitute not just community and national wealth, but global wealth. But for millions, forests are also critical for livelihoods and their daily lives.
Your first book, Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes (1986), was about forests. Is there an evolution of argument here?
Yes indeed. In Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes, I had argued that social forestry, with its top-down implementation and focus on commercial species, was neither ‘social’ nor ‘forestry’, and would protect neither forests nor village livelihoods. The answer, I argued, lay in allowing forest communities to manage local forests. Finally, in 1990, India launched the joint forest management programme and Nepal also started community forestry. So, I decided to see for myself how community forestry was actually doing.
Between 1995 and 1999, I travelled extensively across India and Nepal and found a paradox. Forests were indeed becoming greener but women’s problem of firewood shortages persisted and in many cases had become more acute. Also, despite their high stakes in forests, women continued to be largely excluded from forest management. I coined the term ‘participatory exclusions’ to describe this. However, the current book is less about women’s exclusion. I ask : what if women were present in forest governance? What difference would that make?
But has this question not been raised before?
Economists researching environmental collective action have paid little attention to gender. Scholars from other disciplines focusing on gender and governance have been concerned mainly with women’s near absence from governance institutions. The presumption is that once women are present all good things will follow. But can we assume this? No, rural women’s relationship with forests is complex. On the one hand, their everyday dependence on forests for firewood, fodder, etc., creates a strong stake in conservation. On the other, the same dependence can compel them to extract heavily from forests. As one landless woman told me: ‘Of course, it hurts me to cut a green branch but what do I do if my children are hungry? Taking an agnostic position, I decided to test varied propositions, controlling for other factors.
What did you find?
First, women’s greater presence enhances their effective voice in decision making. And there is a critical mass effect. If forest management groups have 25-33% female members in their executive committees it significantly increases the likelihood of women attending meetings, speaking up and holding office. However, the inclusion of landless women makes a particular difference. When present in sufficient numbers they are more likely to attend meetings and voice their concerns than landed women. So what matters is not just including more women, but more poor women.
Second, and unexpectedly, groups with more women typically make stricter forest use rules. Why is this the case? Mainly because they receive poorer forests from the forest department. To regenerate these, they have to sacrifice their immediate needs. Women from households with some land have some fallback. But remarkably even in groups with more landless women, although extraction is higher, they still balance self-interest with conservation goals, when placed in decision making positions.
Third, groups with more women outperform other groups in improving forest conditions, despite getting poorer forests. Involving women substantially improves protection and conflict resolution, helps the use of their knowledge of local biodiversity and raises children’s awareness about conservation.
Controlling
(A). Holding in check
(B). Increasing
(C). Decreasing
(D). Passing
Right Answer: A
11. Directions (Q. 10-13) Choose the word/group of words which is most nearly the same in meaning of the words printed in bold.
Directions (Q. 1-13) Read the following interview and answer the given questions based on that. Some words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
A pioneering new book, Gender and Green Governance, explores a central question: if women had adequate representation in forestry institutions, would it make a difference to them their communities and forests as a national resource? Interview with the author.
Why has access to forests been such a conflict-ridden issue?
This is not surprising. Forests constitute not just community and national wealth, but global wealth. But for millions, forests are also critical for livelihoods and their daily lives.
Your first book, Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes (1986), was about forests. Is there an evolution of argument here?
Yes indeed. In Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes, I had argued that social forestry, with its top-down implementation and focus on commercial species, was neither ‘social’ nor ‘forestry’, and would protect neither forests nor village livelihoods. The answer, I argued, lay in allowing forest communities to manage local forests. Finally, in 1990, India launched the joint forest management programme and Nepal also started community forestry. So, I decided to see for myself how community forestry was actually doing.
Between 1995 and 1999, I travelled extensively across India and Nepal and found a paradox. Forests were indeed becoming greener but women’s problem of firewood shortages persisted and in many cases had become more acute. Also, despite their high stakes in forests, women continued to be largely excluded from forest management. I coined the term ‘participatory exclusions’ to describe this. However, the current book is less about women’s exclusion. I ask : what if women were present in forest governance? What difference would that make?
But has this question not been raised before?
Economists researching environmental collective action have paid little attention to gender. Scholars from other disciplines focusing on gender and governance have been concerned mainly with women’s near absence from governance institutions. The presumption is that once women are present all good things will follow. But can we assume this? No, rural women’s relationship with forests is complex. On the one hand, their everyday dependence on forests for firewood, fodder, etc., creates a strong stake in conservation. On the other, the same dependence can compel them to extract heavily from forests. As one landless woman told me: ‘Of course, it hurts me to cut a green branch but what do I do if my children are hungry? Taking an agnostic position, I decided to test varied propositions, controlling for other factors.
What did you find?
First, women’s greater presence enhances their effective voice in decision making. And there is a critical mass effect. If forest management groups have 25-33% female members in their executive committees it significantly increases the likelihood of women attending meetings, speaking up and holding office. However, the inclusion of landless women makes a particular difference. When present in sufficient numbers they are more likely to attend meetings and voice their concerns than landed women. So what matters is not just including more women, but more poor women.
Second, and unexpectedly, groups with more women typically make stricter forest use rules. Why is this the case? Mainly because they receive poorer forests from the forest department. To regenerate these, they have to sacrifice their immediate needs. Women from households with some land have some fallback. But remarkably even in groups with more landless women, although extraction is higher, they still balance self-interest with conservation goals, when placed in decision making positions.
Third, groups with more women outperform other groups in improving forest conditions, despite getting poorer forests. Involving women substantially improves protection and conflict resolution, helps the use of their knowledge of local biodiversity and raises children’s awareness about conservation.
Paradox
(A). Similarity
(B). Position
(C). Anomaly
(D). Difference
Right Answer: C
12. Directions (Q. 10-13) Choose the word/group of words which is most nearly the same in meaning of the words printed in bold.
Directions (Q. 1-13) Read the following interview and answer the given questions based on that. Some words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
A pioneering new book, Gender and Green Governance, explores a central question: if women had adequate representation in forestry institutions, would it make a difference to them their communities and forests as a national resource? Interview with the author.
Why has access to forests been such a conflict-ridden issue?
This is not surprising. Forests constitute not just community and national wealth, but global wealth. But for millions, forests are also critical for livelihoods and their daily lives.
Your first book, Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes (1986), was about forests. Is there an evolution of argument here?
Yes indeed. In Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes, I had argued that social forestry, with its top-down implementation and focus on commercial species, was neither ‘social’ nor ‘forestry’, and would protect neither forests nor village livelihoods. The answer, I argued, lay in allowing forest communities to manage local forests. Finally, in 1990, India launched the joint forest management programme and Nepal also started community forestry. So, I decided to see for myself how community forestry was actually doing.
Between 1995 and 1999, I travelled extensively across India and Nepal and found a paradox. Forests were indeed becoming greener but women’s problem of firewood shortages persisted and in many cases had become more acute. Also, despite their high stakes in forests, women continued to be largely excluded from forest management. I coined the term ‘participatory exclusions’ to describe this. However, the current book is less about women’s exclusion. I ask : what if women were present in forest governance? What difference would that make?
But has this question not been raised before?
Economists researching environmental collective action have paid little attention to gender. Scholars from other disciplines focusing on gender and governance have been concerned mainly with women’s near absence from governance institutions. The presumption is that once women are present all good things will follow. But can we assume this? No, rural women’s relationship with forests is complex. On the one hand, their everyday dependence on forests for firewood, fodder, etc., creates a strong stake in conservation. On the other, the same dependence can compel them to extract heavily from forests. As one landless woman told me: ‘Of course, it hurts me to cut a green branch but what do I do if my children are hungry? Taking an agnostic position, I decided to test varied propositions, controlling for other factors.
What did you find?
First, women’s greater presence enhances their effective voice in decision making. And there is a critical mass effect. If forest management groups have 25-33% female members in their executive committees it significantly increases the likelihood of women attending meetings, speaking up and holding office. However, the inclusion of landless women makes a particular difference. When present in sufficient numbers they are more likely to attend meetings and voice their concerns than landed women. So what matters is not just including more women, but more poor women.
Second, and unexpectedly, groups with more women typically make stricter forest use rules. Why is this the case? Mainly because they receive poorer forests from the forest department. To regenerate these, they have to sacrifice their immediate needs. Women from households with some land have some fallback. But remarkably even in groups with more landless women, although extraction is higher, they still balance self-interest with conservation goals, when placed in decision making positions.
Third, groups with more women outperform other groups in improving forest conditions, despite getting poorer forests. Involving women substantially improves protection and conflict resolution, helps the use of their knowledge of local biodiversity and raises children’s awareness about conservation.
Acute
(A). Accurate
(B). Severe
(C). Dull
(D). Focused
Right Answer: B
13. Directions (Q. 10-13) Choose the word/group of words which is most nearly the same in meaning of the words printed in bold.
Directions (Q. 1-13) Read the following interview and answer the given questions based on that. Some words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
A pioneering new book, Gender and Green Governance, explores a central question: if women had adequate representation in forestry institutions, would it make a difference to them their communities and forests as a national resource? Interview with the author.
Why has access to forests been such a conflict-ridden issue?
This is not surprising. Forests constitute not just community and national wealth, but global wealth. But for millions, forests are also critical for livelihoods and their daily lives.
Your first book, Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes (1986), was about forests. Is there an evolution of argument here?
Yes indeed. In Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes, I had argued that social forestry, with its top-down implementation and focus on commercial species, was neither ‘social’ nor ‘forestry’, and would protect neither forests nor village livelihoods. The answer, I argued, lay in allowing forest communities to manage local forests. Finally, in 1990, India launched the joint forest management programme and Nepal also started community forestry. So, I decided to see for myself how community forestry was actually doing.
Between 1995 and 1999, I travelled extensively across India and Nepal and found a paradox. Forests were indeed becoming greener but women’s problem of firewood shortages persisted and in many cases had become more acute. Also, despite their high stakes in forests, women continued to be largely excluded from forest management. I coined the term ‘participatory exclusions’ to describe this. However, the current book is less about women’s exclusion. I ask : what if women were present in forest governance? What difference would that make?
But has this question not been raised before?
Economists researching environmental collective action have paid little attention to gender. Scholars from other disciplines focusing on gender and governance have been concerned mainly with women’s near absence from governance institutions. The presumption is that once women are present all good things will follow. But can we assume this? No, rural women’s relationship with forests is complex. On the one hand, their everyday dependence on forests for firewood, fodder, etc., creates a strong stake in conservation. On the other, the same dependence can compel them to extract heavily from forests. As one landless woman told me: ‘Of course, it hurts me to cut a green branch but what do I do if my children are hungry? Taking an agnostic position, I decided to test varied propositions, controlling for other factors.
What did you find?
First, women’s greater presence enhances their effective voice in decision making. And there is a critical mass effect. If forest management groups have 25-33% female members in their executive committees it significantly increases the likelihood of women attending meetings, speaking up and holding office. However, the inclusion of landless women makes a particular difference. When present in sufficient numbers they are more likely to attend meetings and voice their concerns than landed women. So what matters is not just including more women, but more poor women.
Second, and unexpectedly, groups with more women typically make stricter forest use rules. Why is this the case? Mainly because they receive poorer forests from the forest department. To regenerate these, they have to sacrifice their immediate needs. Women from households with some land have some fallback. But remarkably even in groups with more landless women, although extraction is higher, they still balance self-interest with conservation goals, when placed in decision making positions.
Third, groups with more women outperform other groups in improving forest conditions, despite getting poorer forests. Involving women substantially improves protection and conflict resolution, helps the use of their knowledge of local biodiversity and raises children’s awareness about conservation.
Green
(A). Colour
(B). Dried
(C). Old
(D). Live
Right Answer: D
14. Directions (Q. 14-18) Which of the phrases {A}, {B}, {C} and {D} given below each sentence should replace the word/phrase printed in bold in the sentence to make it grammatically correct? If the sentence is correct as it is given and no correct is required, make {E} as the answer.
The abduction and return of the local leader within 24 hours onWednesday has left some lose and that have beenintriguinginvestigators probing the case.
(A). left some loosened endings
(B). been leaving some loosening ends
(C). leave some lose ends
(D). left some loose ends
Right Answer: D
15. Directions (Q. 14-18) Which of the phrases {A}, {B}, {C} and {D} given below each sentence should replace the word/phrase printed in bold in the sentence to make it grammatically correct? If the sentence is correct as it is given and no correct is required, make {E} as the answer.
According to the investigators, the hammer used in the crime wasthe one who is used by security guards to sound the hourlybellon a metal plate while on duty.
(A). are those ones which
(B). was the one that
(C). which one
(D). is ones that
Right Answer: B
16. Directions (Q. 14-18) Which of the phrases {A}, {B}, {C} and {D} given below each sentence should replace the word/phrase printed in bold in the sentence to make it grammatically correct? If the sentence is correct as it is given and no correct is required, make {E} as the answer.
The fraud comes at a time when the unregulated microfinance industryis facing a crisis on its way of high interestrates and lowrepayment of loans.
(A). because manner of
(B). since ways are
(C). by way of
(D). in the way of
Right Answer: C
17. Directions (Q. 14-18) Which of the phrases {A}, {B}, {C} and {D} given below each sentence should replace the word/phrase printed in bold in the sentence to make it grammatically correct? If the sentence is correct as it is given and no correct is required, make {E} as the answer.
Preliminary investigation revealed that the woman had committedsuicide on account of her failed attempt to enterthe country.
(A). in place of
(B). being depressed of
(C). in belief of
(D). reason being
Right Answer: E
18. Directions (Q. 14-18) Which of the phrases {A}, {B}, {C} and {D} given below each sentence should replace the word/phrase printed in bold in the sentence to make it grammatically correct? If the sentence is correct as it is given and no correct is required, make {E} as the answer.
Frustrated families of the missing people have sought accessto all documents and data concerning the search and the inclusion ofinternational experts in the inquiry.
(A). have sought accessing
(B). in seeking access
(C). are seeking accessed
(D). has sought accesses
Right Answer: C
19. Directions (Q. 19-23) Rearrange the following six sentences A, B, C, D, E and F in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph, then answer the questions given below them.
A. While the reference point for the former is the state, for the latter it’s society.
B. India’s ‘strategic community’ comprises two distinct circles with little overlap.
C. Consequently, mainstream strategists have an external orientation to their discourse, concentrating on high politics; the latter is more internal oriented.
D. Their prescriptions too are understandably poles apart and thus, the state, to which both their commentary is directed, has to play balancer, and ends up being at the receiving end of criticism from both sides.
E. Out of the two, one can be termed the ‘mainstream’ and the other ‘alternate’.
F. To further elaborate on the external and internal concept – while one is enamoured of India’s rise and place in the global order, the other is more sensitive to its vulnerabilities and inadequacies.
Which of the following should be 4th sentenceafterrearrangement?
(A). E
(B). D
(C). C
(D). B
Right Answer: C
20. Directions (Q. 19-23) Rearrange the following six sentences A, B, C, D, E and F in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph, then answer the questions given below them.
A. While the reference point for the former is the state, for the latter it’s society.
B. India’s ‘strategic community’ comprises two distinct circles with little overlap.
C. Consequently, mainstream strategists have an external orientation to their discourse, concentrating on high politics; the latter is more internal oriented.
D. Their prescriptions too are understandably poles apart and thus, the state, to which both their commentary is directed, has to play balancer, and ends up being at the receiving end of criticism from both sides.
E. Out of the two, one can be termed the ‘mainstream’ and the other ‘alternate’.
F. To further elaborate on the external and internal concept – while one is enamoured of India’s rise and place in the global order, the other is more sensitive to its vulnerabilities and inadequacies.
Which of the following should be 6th sentenceafterrearrangement?
(A). A
(B). B
(C). C
(D). D
Right Answer: D
21. Directions (Q. 19-23) Rearrange the following six sentences A, B, C, D, E and F in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph, then answer the questions given below them.
A. While the reference point for the former is the state, for the latter it’s society.
B. India’s ‘strategic community’ comprises two distinct circles with little overlap.
C. Consequently, mainstream strategists have an external orientation to their discourse, concentrating on high politics; the latter is more internal oriented.
D. Their prescriptions too are understandably poles apart and thus, the state, to which both their commentary is directed, has to play balancer, and ends up being at the receiving end of criticism from both sides.
E. Out of the two, one can be termed the ‘mainstream’ and the other ‘alternate’.
F. To further elaborate on the external and internal concept – while one is enamoured of India’s rise and place in the global order, the other is more sensitive to its vulnerabilities and inadequacies.
Which of the following should be 2nd sentence after rearrangement?
(A). E
(B). D
(C). C
(D). B
Right Answer: A
22. Directions (Q. 19-23) Rearrange the following six sentences A, B, C, D, E and F in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph, then answer the questions given below them.
A. While the reference point for the former is the state, for the latter it’s society.
B. India’s ‘strategic community’ comprises two distinct circles with little overlap.
C. Consequently, mainstream strategists have an external orientation to their discourse, concentrating on high politics; the latter is more internal oriented.
D. Their prescriptions too are understandably poles apart and thus, the state, to which both their commentary is directed, has to play balancer, and ends up being at the receiving end of criticism from both sides.
E. Out of the two, one can be termed the ‘mainstream’ and the other ‘alternate’.
F. To further elaborate on the external and internal concept – while one is enamoured of India’s rise and place in the global order, the other is more sensitive to its vulnerabilities and inadequacies.
Which of the following should be 1st sentence after rearrangement?
(A). A
(B). B
(C). C
(D). D
Right Answer: B
23. Directions (Q. 19-23) Rearrange the following six sentences A, B, C, D, E and F in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph, then answer the questions given below them.
A. While the reference point for the former is the state, for the latter it’s society.
B. India’s ‘strategic community’ comprises two distinct circles with little overlap.
C. Consequently, mainstream strategists have an external orientation to their discourse, concentrating on high politics; the latter is more internal oriented.
D. Their prescriptions too are understandably poles apart and thus, the state, to which both their commentary is directed, has to play balancer, and ends up being at the receiving end of criticism from both sides.
E. Out of the two, one can be termed the ‘mainstream’ and the other ‘alternate’.
F. To further elaborate on the external and internal concept – while one is enamoured of India’s rise and place in the global order, the other is more sensitive to its vulnerabilities and inadequacies.
Which of the following should be 3rd sentence after rearrangement?
(A). A
(B). B
(C). C
(D). D
Right Answer: A
24. Read each sentence to find out whether there is only grammatical error or idiomatic error in it. The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that partis the answer. If there is no error, the answer is (E). (Ignore errors of punctuation, if any)
The angry boatman threw (X1) / the cracked oar (X2) / in the river(X3) / and returned home. (X4) No error (X5)
(A). (X1)
(B). (X2)
(C). (X3)
(D). (X4)
Right Answer: C
25. Read each sentence to find out whether there is only grammatical error or idiomatic error in it. The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that partis the answer. If there is no error, the answer is (E). (Ignore errors of punctuation, if any)
3rd World countries must adopt (X1) / a radically different approachfor (X2) / the dissemination of scientific information (X3) / in viewof the nature and magnitude of their problems. (X4) No error (X5)
(A). (X1)
(B). (X2)
(C). (X3)
(D). (X4)
Right Answer: B
26. Read each sentence to find out whether there is only grammatical error or idiomatic error in it. The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that partis the answer. If there is no error, the answer is (E). (Ignore errors of punctuation, if any)
Yet the writers (X1) / have no qualms in (X2) / depicting the gory(X3) / details of the violence. (X4) No error (X5)
(A). (X1)
(B). (X2)
(C). (X3)
(D). (X4)
Right Answer: B
27. Read each sentence to find out whether there is only grammatical error or idiomatic error in it. The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that partis the answer. If there is no error, the answer is (E). (Ignore errors of punctuation, if any)
The boy attempted the questions (X1) / so well (X2) / that histeacher was exceedingly (X3) / pleased at him. (X4) No error (X5)
(A). (X1)
(B). (X2)
(C). (X3)
(D). (X4)
Right Answer: D
28. Read each sentence to find out whether there is only grammatical error or idiomatic error in it. The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that partis the answer. If there is no error, the answer is (E). (Ignore errors of punctuation, if any)
The Trust plans (X1) / to set on (X2) / a special school for (X3) /dumb and deaf children. (X4) No error (X5)
(A). (X1)
(B). (X2)
(C). (X3)
(D). (X4)
Right Answer: B
29. Read each sentence to find out whether there is only grammatical error or idiomatic error in it. The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that partis the answer. If there is no error, the answer is (E). (Ignore errors of punctuation, if any)
The director prefers (X1) / your plan than (X2) / that given by (X3)/ the other members of the committee. (X4) No error (X5)
(A). (X1)
(B). (X2)
(C). (X3)
(D). (X4)
Right Answer: B
30. Read each sentence to find out whether there is only grammatical error or idiomatic error in it. The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that partis the answer. If there is no error, the answer is (E). (Ignore errors of punctuation, if any)
I always prefer (X1) / working in a relaxed atmosphere (X2) / thanone full of (X3) / tension and anxiety. (X4) No error (X5)
(A). (X1)
(B). (X2)
(C). (X3)
(D). (X4)
Right Answer: C
31. If it is possible to make only one meaningful word with 3rd, 4th, 8thand 9th letters of the word 'CENTURIES' which would be 2nd letterof the word from left? If more than one such word can be formed, give 'A' as the answer. If no such word can be formed, give 'Z' as your answer.
(A). A
(B). N
(C). T
(D). E
Right Answer: A
32. If in a certain code language 'ARIHANT' is coded as 'ZIRSZMG','BIRD' is written as 'YRIW', then how will 'PAINTER' becoded in that language?
(A). KZRMVGI
(B). KZRMIGV
(C). KZRMGIV
(D). KZRMGVI
Right Answer: D
33. Rajat correctly remembers that his mother's birthday is not after18th of June. His sister correctly remembers that their mother's birthday is before 20th June but after 17th June. On which day inApril was definitely their mother's birthday?
(A). 17th
(B). 19th
(C). 18th
(D). 17th or 18th
Right Answer: C
34. In a row of children facing North, Ritesh is 12th from the left end. Sudhir, who is 22nd from the right end is 4th to the right of Ritesh. Total how many children are there in the row?
(A). 35
(B). 36
(C). 37
(D). 34
Right Answer: C
35. If A means ‘−’, B means ‘÷’, C means ‘+’, and D means ‘×’, then 15 B 3 C 24 A 12 D 2
= ?
(A). 3
(B). 5
(C). 7
(D). 9
Right Answer: B
36. Looking at a woman siting next to him, Amit said, 'she is thesister of the husband of my wife'. How is the woman related toAmit?
(A). Niece
(B). Daughter
(C). Sister
(D). Wife
Right Answer: C
37. Read the information carefully and answer the following questions.
If A + B means A is the father of B.
If A × B means A is the sister of B.
If A $ B means A is the wife of B.
If A % B means A is the mother of B.
If A ÷ B means A is the son of B.
What should come in place of the question mark, to establish that Jis the brother of T in the expression?
(A). X
(B). ÷
(C). $
(D). Either + or ×
Right Answer: A
38. Read the information carefully and answer the following questions.
If A + B means A is the father of B.
If A × B means A is the sister of B.
If A $ B means A is the wife of B.
If A % B means A is the mother of B.
If A ÷ B means A is the son of B.
Which among the given expressions indicate that M is the daughter ofD?
(A). L % R $ D + T × M
(B). L + R $ D + M × T
(C). L % R % D + T ÷ M
(D). L $ D ÷ R % M ÷ T
Right Answer: B
39. Read the information carefully and answer the following questions.
If A + B means A is the father of B.
If A × B means A is the sister of B.
If A $ B means A is the wife of B.
If A % B means A is the mother of B.
If A ÷ B means A is the son of B.
Which among the following options is true, if the expression I + T % J × L ÷ K is definitely true?
(A). L is the daughter of T
(B). K is the son-in-law of I
(C). I is the grandmother of L
(D). J is the brother of L
Right Answer: B
40. Read the information carefully and answer the following questions.
If A + B means A is the father of B.
If A × B means A is the sister of B.
If A $ B means A is the wife of B.
If A % B means A is the mother of B.
If A ÷ B means A is the son of B.
Which among the following expressions is true, if Y is the son of Xis definitely true?
(A). W % L × T × Y ÷ X
(B). W + L × T × Y ÷ X
(C). X + L × T × Y ÷ W
(D). W $ X + L + Y + T
Right Answer: D
41. Read the information carefully and answer the following questions.
If A + B means A is the father of B.
If A × B means A is the sister of B.
If A $ B means A is the wife of B.
If A % B means A is the mother of B.
If A ÷ B means A is the son of B.
What should come in place of the question mark, to establish that Tis the sister-in-law of Q in the expression
(A). +
(B). %
(C). x
(D). $
Right Answer: D
42. A bus for Delhi leaves every 30 min from a bus stand. An enquiryclerk, Rambabu told Shyamlal, a passenger that the bus has alreadyleft 10 min ago and the next bus will leave at 9:35 am. At what timedid the enquiry clerk give this information to Shyamlal?
(A). 9:15 am
(B). 9:10 am
(C). 9:20 am
(D). 9:05 am
Right Answer: A
43. If day before yesterday was Saturday, then what day of the week willit be on day after tomorrow?
(A). Friday
(B). Thursday
(C). Wednesday
(D). Tuesday
Right Answer: C
44. Nikhil walked 30 m towards East took a left turn and walked 20 m. Heagain took a left turn and walked 30 m. How far and in whichdirection is he from his starting point?
(A). 20m, North
(B). 80 m, North
(C). 20 m, South
(D). 80 m, South
Right Answer: A
45. Read the information given below to answer the questions. A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H want to have a dinner on a round table and they have worked out the following seating arrangements.
I. A will sit beside C.
II. H will sit beside A.
III. C will sit beside E.
IV. F will sit beside H.
V. E will sit beside G.
VI. D will sit beside F.
VII. G will sit beside B.
VIII. B will sit beside D.
Which of the following is wrong?
(A). A will be to the immediate right of C
(B). D will be to the immediate left of B
(C). E will be to the immediate right of A
(D). F will be to the immediate left of D
Right Answer: C
46. Read the information given below to answer the questions. A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H want to have a dinner on a round table and they have worked out the following seating arrangements.
I. A will sit beside C.
II. H will sit beside A.
III. C will sit beside E.
IV. F will sit beside H.
V. E will sit beside G.
VI. D will sit beside F.
VII. G will sit beside B.
VIII. B will sit beside D.
Which of the following is correct?
(A). B will be to the immediate left of D
(B). H will be to the immediate right of A
(C). C will be to the immediate right of F
(D). B will be to the immediate left of H
Right Answer: B
47. Read the information given below to answer the questions. A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H want to have a dinner on a round table and they have worked out the following seating arrangements.
I. A will sit beside C.
II. H will sit beside A.
III. C will sit beside E.
IV. F will sit beside H.
V. E will sit beside G.
VI. D will sit beside F.
VII. G will sit beside B.
VIII. B will sit beside D.
A and F will become neighbours, if
(A). B agrees to change her sitting position
(B). C agrees to change her sitting position
(C). G agrees to change her sitting position
(D). H agrees to change her sitting position
Right Answer: D
48. Read the information given below to answer the questions. A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H want to have a dinner on a round table and they have worked out the following seating arrangements.
I. A will sit beside C.
II. H will sit beside A.
III. C will sit beside E.
IV. F will sit beside H.
V. E will sit beside G.
VI. D will sit beside F.
VII. G will sit beside B.
VIII. B will sit beside D.
During sitting
(A). A will be directly facing C
(B). B will be directly facing C
(C). A will be directly facing B
(D). B will be directly facing D
Right Answer: C
49. Read the information given below to answer the questions. A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H want to have a dinner on a round table and they have worked out the following seating arrangements.
I. A will sit beside C.
II. H will sit beside A.
III. C will sit beside E.
IV. F will sit beside H.
V. E will sit beside G.
VI. D will sit beside F.
VII. G will sit beside B.
VIII. B will sit beside D.
H will be sitting between
(A). C and B
(B). A and F
(C). D and G
(D). E and G
Right Answer: B
50.
(A). If the case is to be referred to Vice-President
(B). If the case is to be referred to head of marketing department
(C). If the data provided is inadequate to take a decision
(D). If the candidate is to be selected
Right Answer: A
51.
(A). If the case is to be referred to Vice-President
(B). If the case is to be referred to head of marketing department
(C). If the data provided is inadequate to take a decision
(D). If the candidate is to be selected
Right Answer: C
52.
(A). If the case is to be referred to Vice-President
(B). If the case is to be referred to head of marketing department
(C). If the data provided is inadequate to take a decision
(D). If the candidate is to be selected
Right Answer: B
53.
(A). If the case is to be referred to Vice-President
(B). If the case is to be referred to head of marketing department
(C). If the data provided is inadequate to take a decision
(D). If the candidate is to be selected
Right Answer: E
54.
(A). If the case is to be referred to Vice-President
(B). If the case is to be referred to head of marketing department
(C). If the data provided is inadequate to take a decision
(D). If the candidate is to be selected
Right Answer: D
55.
(A). 21 win 39 tyre 46 file case 51
(B). 21 win 39 tyre 46 file 51 case
(C). 21 win 39 tyre file 46 51 case
(D). 21 win 39 tyre 46 case file 51
Right Answer: E
56.
(A). 13 upper 37 83 42 bench lower floor
(B). 13 upper 37 lower 83 42 bench floor
(C). 13 83 42 bench lower upper floor 37
(D). 13 upper 83 42 bench lower floor 37
Right Answer: A
57.
(A). ultra open 27 case 45 35 now 12
(B). open case ultra 27 45 35 now 12
(C). open case 27 45 35 now 12 ultra
(D). Can't be determined
Right Answer: D
58.
(A). V
(B). VI
(C). VII
(D). VIII
Right Answer: E
59.
(A). 6
(B). 5
(C). 4
(D). 7
Right Answer: A
60. Step IV of an input is 24 step 27 pick 94 85 76 bring down. How manymore steps will be required to complete the rearrangement?
(A). 2
(B). 3
(C). 4
(D). 5
Right Answer: C
61. Step III of an input is 17 vice 22 85 and car oil 42. How many moresteps will be required to complete the rearrangement?
(A). 3
(B). 4
(C). 5
(D). 6
Right Answer: A
62.
(A). Lawyer-Teacher
(B). Doctor-Lawyer
(C). Teacher-Teacher
(D). Can't be determined
Right Answer: A
63.
(A). Teacher
(B). Doctor
(C). Lawyer
(D). Can't be determined
Right Answer: C
64.
(A). Two
(B). Three
(C). Four
(D). Can't be determined
Right Answer: B
65.
(A). Teacher
(B). Lawyer
(C). Doctor
(D). Can't be determined
Right Answer: D
66. The total area of a circle and a square is equal to 5450 sq. cm. Thediameter of the circle is 70 cms. What is the sum of thecircumference of the circle and the perimeter of the square?
(A). 360 cm
(B). 380 cm
(C). 270 cm
(D). Can't be determined
Right Answer: B
67. The ratio between the speed of a train and a car is 16:15respectively. Also, a bus covered a distance of 480 km in 8 h. Thespeed of the bus is three-fourth the speed of the train. How muchdistance will the car cover in 6 h?
(A). 450 km
(B). 480 km
(C). 360 km
(D). Can't be determined
Right Answer: A
68. Ram’s present age is three times his son’s present age and two-fifth of his father’s present age. The average of the present ages of all of them is 46 years. What is the difference between the Ram’s son’s present age and Ram’s father’s present age?
(A). 68 years
(B). 88 years
(C). 58 years
(D). Can't be determined
Right Answer: E
69. 20% of Anuj’s annual salary is equal to 75% of Raj’s annual salary. Raj’s monthly salary is 60% of Ravi’s monthly salary. If Ravi’s annual salary is Rs.1.44 Lakh. What is Anuj’s monthly salary?
(A). Rs. 270000
(B). Rs. 27000
(C). Rs. 324000
(D). Rs. 5400
Right Answer: B
70. The largest and the second largest angles of a triangle are in theratio of 3:2 respectively. The smallest angle is 20% of the sum ofthe largest and the second largest angles. What is the sum of thesmallest and the second largest angles?
(A). 80˚
(B). 60˚
(C). 100˚
(D). 90˚
Right Answer: D
71.
(A). 78
(B). 69
(C). 102
(D). 103
Right Answer: E
72.
(A). 22:51
(B). 23:51
(C). 21:55
(D). 51:22
Right Answer: A
73.
(A). 111
(B). 91
(C). 132
(D). 32
Right Answer: C
74.
(A). 110
(B). 122
(C). 101
(D). 104
Right Answer: A
75.
(A). 464
(B). 484
(C). 536
(D). 556
Right Answer: B
76.
(A). 30000
(B). 9000
(C). 3000
(D). 6000
Right Answer: C
77.
(A). 2
(B). 5
(C). 4
(D). 3
Right Answer: D
78.
(A). 85
(B). 80
(C). 75
(D). 184
Right Answer: A
79.
(A). 2000
(B). 3000
(C). 3500
(D). 2500
Right Answer: D
80.
(A). 1990
(B). 2090
(C). 2300
(D). 1800
Right Answer: B
81.
What was the average number of Pen drives produced by the companyover all the years together?
(A). 1700
(B). 1. 7 Lakh
(C). 17000
(D). 85000
Right Answer: C
82.
What was the total number of all the products produced by the companyin the year 2006 and 2008 together?
(A). 10750
(B). 107. 5 Lakh
(C). 105700
(D). 10570
Right Answer: E
83.
What was the respective ratio between the number of CDs produced bythe company in the year 2009 and the number of keyboards produced bythe company in the year 2005?
(A). 9:10
(B). 11:10
(C). 10:9
(D). 10:11
Right Answer: A
84.
What is the difference between the total number of Pen drives and CDsproduced by the company together in the year 2008 and the number ofkey boards produced by the company in the year 2006?
(A). 40000
(B). 4000
(C). 35000
(D). 3500
Right Answer: A
85.
What was the respective ratio between the number of key boardsproduced by the company in the year 2006, 2007 and 2009?
(A). 1:2:3
(B). 1:2:2
(C). 2:1:3
(D). 1:2:1
Right Answer: D
86. A man crosses a stationary train in 12 min. The same train crosses aman in 54 s. What was the respective ratio between the speed of thetrain and the man?
(A). 40:7
(B). 400:3
(C). 40:3
(D). Can't be determined
Right Answer: C
87. If a number is subtracted by 2/3rd of 75% of 600, the value soobtained is 320. What is the number?
(A). 300
(B). 620
(C). 720
(D). 500
Right Answer: B
88. The ratio between the angles of a quadrilateral is 7:2:5:6respectively. What is the sum of double the smallest angle and halfthe largest angle to the quadrilateral?
(A). 162˚
(B). 198˚
(C). 99˚
(D). 135˚
Right Answer: D
89. 3 men can complete a piece of work in 6 days. 5 women can completethe same work in 18 days. In how many days will 4 men and 10 womentogether complete the same work?
(A). 3 days
(B). 5 days
(C). 2 days
(D). 4 days
Right Answer: A
90. The sum of five consecutive numbers is 270. What is the sum of thesecond and the fifth number?
(A). 108
(B). 107
(C). 110
(D). Can't be determined
Right Answer: E
91. Rohit invested some amount at the rate of 6 pcpa and at the end of 3years he got Rs. 8730 simple interest. How much compound interest hewill get on same amount and same rate of interest after 2 years?
(A). Rs. 5820
(B). Rs. 5949. 60
(C). Rs. 5900
(D). Rs. 5994. 60
Right Answer: D
92. Car A runs at the speed of 65 km/h and reaches its destination in 8h. What is the respective ratio of distances covered by Car A and CarB?
(A). 11:7
(B). 7:13
(C). 13:7
(D). 7:11
Right Answer: C
93. The ratio of students in school A, B and C is 5:4:7 respectively. Ifnumber of students in schools are increased by 20%, 25% and 20%respectively then what will be the ratio of students in school A, Band C respectively?
(A). 5:5:7
(B). 30:25:42
(C). 30:20:49
(D). Can't be determined
Right Answer: B
94. In a class, the average height of 35 girls was measured 160 cm. Lateron, it was discovered that the height of one of the girl was misreadas 144 cm, while her actual height was 104 cm. What was the actualaverage height of girls in the class? (rounded off to two digitsafter decimal)
(A). 159. 86 cm
(B). 158. 54 cm
(C). 159. 56 cm
(D). 158. 74 cm
Right Answer: E
95.
Number of people speaking English as one language is what percent ofthe total number of people of the village?
(A). 12
(B). 8
(C). 20
(D). 18
Right Answer: C
96.
Number of people speaking only local language is what percent of thetotal number of people of the village?
(A). 45
(B). 55
(C). 58
(D). 40
Right Answer: B
97.
Number of people speaking Hindi as one language is approximately whatpercent of the number of people speaking only local language?
(A). 67
(B). 70
(C). 61
(D). 59
Right Answer: A
98.
What is the respective ratio of the number of people speaking all thethree languages to the number of people speaking both Hindi and locallanguage?
(A). 12:55
(B). 10:25
(C). 14:55
(D). 12:25
Right Answer: E
99.
If 25 more people speaking all the three languages and 45 more peoplespeaking both Hindi and local languages start living in the villagethen what will be the difference between the number of peoplespeaking all the three languages and the number of people speakingboth Hindi and local languages?
(A). 325
(B). 330
(C). 340
(D). 355
Right Answer: E
100. Aman�s expense is 30% more than Vimal�s expense and Vimal�sexpense is 10% less than Raman�s expense. If the sum of theirexpenses is Rs. 6447, then what would be the Aman�s expense?
(A). Rs. 2200
(B). Rs. 2457
(C). Rs. 1890
(D). Rs. 2100
Right Answer: B
A pioneering new book, Gender and Green Governance, explores a central question: if women had adequate representation in forestry institutions, would it make a difference to them their communities and forests as a national resource? Interview with the author.
Why has access to forests been such a conflict-ridden issue?
This is not surprising. Forests constitute not just community and national wealth, but global wealth. But for millions, forests are also critical for livelihoods and their daily lives.
Your first book, Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes (1986), was about forests. Is there an evolution of argument here?
Yes indeed. In Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes, I had argued that social forestry, with its top-down implementation and focus on commercial species, was neither ‘social’ nor ‘forestry’, and would protect neither forests nor village livelihoods. The answer, I argued, lay in allowing forest communities to manage local forests. Finally, in 1990, India launched the joint forest management programme and Nepal also started community forestry. So, I decided to see for myself how community forestry was actually doing.
Between 1995 and 1999, I travelled extensively across India and Nepal and found a paradox. Forests were indeed becoming greener but women’s problem of firewood shortages persisted and in many cases had become more acute. Also, despite their high stakes in forests, women continued to be largely excluded from forest management. I coined the term ‘participatory exclusions’ to describe this. However, the current book is less about women’s exclusion. I ask : what if women were present in forest governance? What difference would that make?
But has this question not been raised before?
Economists researching environmental collective action have paid little attention to gender. Scholars from other disciplines focusing on gender and governance have been concerned mainly with women’s near absence from governance institutions. The presumption is that once women are present all good things will follow. But can we assume this? No, rural women’s relationship with forests is complex. On the one hand, their everyday dependence on forests for firewood, fodder, etc., creates a strong stake in conservation. On the other, the same dependence can compel them to extract heavily from forests. As one landless woman told me: ‘Of course, it hurts me to cut a green branch but what do I do if my children are hungry? Taking an agnostic position, I decided to test varied propositions, controlling for other factors.
What did you find?
First, women’s greater presence enhances their effective voice in decision making. And there is a critical mass effect. If forest management groups have 25-33% female members in their executive committees it significantly increases the likelihood of women attending meetings, speaking up and holding office. However, the inclusion of landless women makes a particular difference. When present in sufficient numbers they are more likely to attend meetings and voice their concerns than landed women. So what matters is not just including more women, but more poor women.
Second, and unexpectedly, groups with more women typically make stricter forest use rules. Why is this the case? Mainly because they receive poorer forests from the forest department. To regenerate these, they have to sacrifice their immediate needs. Women from households with some land have some fallback. But remarkably even in groups with more landless women, although extraction is higher, they still balance self-interest with conservation goals, when placed in decision making positions.
Third, groups with more women outperform other groups in improving forest conditions, despite getting poorer forests. Involving women substantially improves protection and conflict resolution, helps the use of their knowledge of local biodiversity and raises children’s awareness about conservation.
What was author's view on 'Social Forestry Scheme'?
(A). A great success
(B). Beneficial for villagers
(C). Neither good nor bad
(D). Should have been implemented as 'top down'
Right Answer: E
2. Directions (Q. 1-13) Read the following interview and answer the given questions based on that. Some words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
A pioneering new book, Gender and Green Governance, explores a central question: if women had adequate representation in forestry institutions, would it make a difference to them their communities and forests as a national resource? Interview with the author.
Why has access to forests been such a conflict-ridden issue?
This is not surprising. Forests constitute not just community and national wealth, but global wealth. But for millions, forests are also critical for livelihoods and their daily lives.
Your first book, Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes (1986), was about forests. Is there an evolution of argument here?
Yes indeed. In Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes, I had argued that social forestry, with its top-down implementation and focus on commercial species, was neither ‘social’ nor ‘forestry’, and would protect neither forests nor village livelihoods. The answer, I argued, lay in allowing forest communities to manage local forests. Finally, in 1990, India launched the joint forest management programme and Nepal also started community forestry. So, I decided to see for myself how community forestry was actually doing.
Between 1995 and 1999, I travelled extensively across India and Nepal and found a paradox. Forests were indeed becoming greener but women’s problem of firewood shortages persisted and in many cases had become more acute. Also, despite their high stakes in forests, women continued to be largely excluded from forest management. I coined the term ‘participatory exclusions’ to describe this. However, the current book is less about women’s exclusion. I ask : what if women were present in forest governance? What difference would that make?
But has this question not been raised before?
Economists researching environmental collective action have paid little attention to gender. Scholars from other disciplines focusing on gender and governance have been concerned mainly with women’s near absence from governance institutions. The presumption is that once women are present all good things will follow. But can we assume this? No, rural women’s relationship with forests is complex. On the one hand, their everyday dependence on forests for firewood, fodder, etc., creates a strong stake in conservation. On the other, the same dependence can compel them to extract heavily from forests. As one landless woman told me: ‘Of course, it hurts me to cut a green branch but what do I do if my children are hungry? Taking an agnostic position, I decided to test varied propositions, controlling for other factors.
What did you find?
First, women’s greater presence enhances their effective voice in decision making. And there is a critical mass effect. If forest management groups have 25-33% female members in their executive committees it significantly increases the likelihood of women attending meetings, speaking up and holding office. However, the inclusion of landless women makes a particular difference. When present in sufficient numbers they are more likely to attend meetings and voice their concerns than landed women. So what matters is not just including more women, but more poor women.
Second, and unexpectedly, groups with more women typically make stricter forest use rules. Why is this the case? Mainly because they receive poorer forests from the forest department. To regenerate these, they have to sacrifice their immediate needs. Women from households with some land have some fallback. But remarkably even in groups with more landless women, although extraction is higher, they still balance self-interest with conservation goals, when placed in decision making positions.
Third, groups with more women outperform other groups in improving forest conditions, despite getting poorer forests. Involving women substantially improves protection and conflict resolution, helps the use of their knowledge of local biodiversity and raises children’s awareness about conservation.
Which of the following is one of the reasons of forests being aconflict ridden issue?
(A). Some countries have larger forest cover
(B). There is less awareness about global warming
(C). High dependence of many on forests
(D). Less representation of women
Right Answer: C
3. Directions (Q. 1-13) Read the following interview and answer the given questions based on that. Some words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
A pioneering new book, Gender and Green Governance, explores a central question: if women had adequate representation in forestry institutions, would it make a difference to them their communities and forests as a national resource? Interview with the author.
Why has access to forests been such a conflict-ridden issue?
This is not surprising. Forests constitute not just community and national wealth, but global wealth. But for millions, forests are also critical for livelihoods and their daily lives.
Your first book, Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes (1986), was about forests. Is there an evolution of argument here?
Yes indeed. In Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes, I had argued that social forestry, with its top-down implementation and focus on commercial species, was neither ‘social’ nor ‘forestry’, and would protect neither forests nor village livelihoods. The answer, I argued, lay in allowing forest communities to manage local forests. Finally, in 1990, India launched the joint forest management programme and Nepal also started community forestry. So, I decided to see for myself how community forestry was actually doing.
Between 1995 and 1999, I travelled extensively across India and Nepal and found a paradox. Forests were indeed becoming greener but women’s problem of firewood shortages persisted and in many cases had become more acute. Also, despite their high stakes in forests, women continued to be largely excluded from forest management. I coined the term ‘participatory exclusions’ to describe this. However, the current book is less about women’s exclusion. I ask : what if women were present in forest governance? What difference would that make?
But has this question not been raised before?
Economists researching environmental collective action have paid little attention to gender. Scholars from other disciplines focusing on gender and governance have been concerned mainly with women’s near absence from governance institutions. The presumption is that once women are present all good things will follow. But can we assume this? No, rural women’s relationship with forests is complex. On the one hand, their everyday dependence on forests for firewood, fodder, etc., creates a strong stake in conservation. On the other, the same dependence can compel them to extract heavily from forests. As one landless woman told me: ‘Of course, it hurts me to cut a green branch but what do I do if my children are hungry? Taking an agnostic position, I decided to test varied propositions, controlling for other factors.
What did you find?
First, women’s greater presence enhances their effective voice in decision making. And there is a critical mass effect. If forest management groups have 25-33% female members in their executive committees it significantly increases the likelihood of women attending meetings, speaking up and holding office. However, the inclusion of landless women makes a particular difference. When present in sufficient numbers they are more likely to attend meetings and voice their concerns than landed women. So what matters is not just including more women, but more poor women.
Second, and unexpectedly, groups with more women typically make stricter forest use rules. Why is this the case? Mainly because they receive poorer forests from the forest department. To regenerate these, they have to sacrifice their immediate needs. Women from households with some land have some fallback. But remarkably even in groups with more landless women, although extraction is higher, they still balance self-interest with conservation goals, when placed in decision making positions.
Third, groups with more women outperform other groups in improving forest conditions, despite getting poorer forests. Involving women substantially improves protection and conflict resolution, helps the use of their knowledge of local biodiversity and raises children’s awareness about conservation.
The author is advocating inclusion of
(A). more landless women
(B). more landed women
(C). more women irrespective of their financial status
(D). local people
Right Answer: A
4. Directions (Q. 1-13) Read the following interview and answer the given questions based on that. Some words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
A pioneering new book, Gender and Green Governance, explores a central question: if women had adequate representation in forestry institutions, would it make a difference to them their communities and forests as a national resource? Interview with the author.
Why has access to forests been such a conflict-ridden issue?
This is not surprising. Forests constitute not just community and national wealth, but global wealth. But for millions, forests are also critical for livelihoods and their daily lives.
Your first book, Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes (1986), was about forests. Is there an evolution of argument here?
Yes indeed. In Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes, I had argued that social forestry, with its top-down implementation and focus on commercial species, was neither ‘social’ nor ‘forestry’, and would protect neither forests nor village livelihoods. The answer, I argued, lay in allowing forest communities to manage local forests. Finally, in 1990, India launched the joint forest management programme and Nepal also started community forestry. So, I decided to see for myself how community forestry was actually doing.
Between 1995 and 1999, I travelled extensively across India and Nepal and found a paradox. Forests were indeed becoming greener but women’s problem of firewood shortages persisted and in many cases had become more acute. Also, despite their high stakes in forests, women continued to be largely excluded from forest management. I coined the term ‘participatory exclusions’ to describe this. However, the current book is less about women’s exclusion. I ask : what if women were present in forest governance? What difference would that make?
But has this question not been raised before?
Economists researching environmental collective action have paid little attention to gender. Scholars from other disciplines focusing on gender and governance have been concerned mainly with women’s near absence from governance institutions. The presumption is that once women are present all good things will follow. But can we assume this? No, rural women’s relationship with forests is complex. On the one hand, their everyday dependence on forests for firewood, fodder, etc., creates a strong stake in conservation. On the other, the same dependence can compel them to extract heavily from forests. As one landless woman told me: ‘Of course, it hurts me to cut a green branch but what do I do if my children are hungry? Taking an agnostic position, I decided to test varied propositions, controlling for other factors.
What did you find?
First, women’s greater presence enhances their effective voice in decision making. And there is a critical mass effect. If forest management groups have 25-33% female members in their executive committees it significantly increases the likelihood of women attending meetings, speaking up and holding office. However, the inclusion of landless women makes a particular difference. When present in sufficient numbers they are more likely to attend meetings and voice their concerns than landed women. So what matters is not just including more women, but more poor women.
Second, and unexpectedly, groups with more women typically make stricter forest use rules. Why is this the case? Mainly because they receive poorer forests from the forest department. To regenerate these, they have to sacrifice their immediate needs. Women from households with some land have some fallback. But remarkably even in groups with more landless women, although extraction is higher, they still balance self-interest with conservation goals, when placed in decision making positions.
Third, groups with more women outperform other groups in improving forest conditions, despite getting poorer forests. Involving women substantially improves protection and conflict resolution, helps the use of their knowledge of local biodiversity and raises children’s awareness about conservation.
Which of the following best describes 'participatory exclusion' as used in the interview?
(A). Outside support
(B). Overdependence
(C). Benefitting without self interest
(D). Contributing with profits
Right Answer: E
5. Directions (Q. 1-13) Read the following interview and answer the given questions based on that. Some words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
A pioneering new book, Gender and Green Governance, explores a central question: if women had adequate representation in forestry institutions, would it make a difference to them their communities and forests as a national resource? Interview with the author.
Why has access to forests been such a conflict-ridden issue?
This is not surprising. Forests constitute not just community and national wealth, but global wealth. But for millions, forests are also critical for livelihoods and their daily lives.
Your first book, Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes (1986), was about forests. Is there an evolution of argument here?
Yes indeed. In Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes, I had argued that social forestry, with its top-down implementation and focus on commercial species, was neither ‘social’ nor ‘forestry’, and would protect neither forests nor village livelihoods. The answer, I argued, lay in allowing forest communities to manage local forests. Finally, in 1990, India launched the joint forest management programme and Nepal also started community forestry. So, I decided to see for myself how community forestry was actually doing.
Between 1995 and 1999, I travelled extensively across India and Nepal and found a paradox. Forests were indeed becoming greener but women’s problem of firewood shortages persisted and in many cases had become more acute. Also, despite their high stakes in forests, women continued to be largely excluded from forest management. I coined the term ‘participatory exclusions’ to describe this. However, the current book is less about women’s exclusion. I ask : what if women were present in forest governance? What difference would that make?
But has this question not been raised before?
Economists researching environmental collective action have paid little attention to gender. Scholars from other disciplines focusing on gender and governance have been concerned mainly with women’s near absence from governance institutions. The presumption is that once women are present all good things will follow. But can we assume this? No, rural women’s relationship with forests is complex. On the one hand, their everyday dependence on forests for firewood, fodder, etc., creates a strong stake in conservation. On the other, the same dependence can compel them to extract heavily from forests. As one landless woman told me: ‘Of course, it hurts me to cut a green branch but what do I do if my children are hungry? Taking an agnostic position, I decided to test varied propositions, controlling for other factors.
What did you find?
First, women’s greater presence enhances their effective voice in decision making. And there is a critical mass effect. If forest management groups have 25-33% female members in their executive committees it significantly increases the likelihood of women attending meetings, speaking up and holding office. However, the inclusion of landless women makes a particular difference. When present in sufficient numbers they are more likely to attend meetings and voice their concerns than landed women. So what matters is not just including more women, but more poor women.
Second, and unexpectedly, groups with more women typically make stricter forest use rules. Why is this the case? Mainly because they receive poorer forests from the forest department. To regenerate these, they have to sacrifice their immediate needs. Women from households with some land have some fallback. But remarkably even in groups with more landless women, although extraction is higher, they still balance self-interest with conservation goals, when placed in decision making positions.
Third, groups with more women outperform other groups in improving forest conditions, despite getting poorer forests. Involving women substantially improves protection and conflict resolution, helps the use of their knowledge of local biodiversity and raises children’s awareness about conservation.
Author's current book is more about
(A). barren to greener slopes
(B). local groups with more women
(C). a fine balance between conservation and commercial forestry
(D). top down approach to community forestry
Right Answer: E
6. Directions (Q. 1-13) Read the following interview and answer the given questions based on that. Some words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
A pioneering new book, Gender and Green Governance, explores a central question: if women had adequate representation in forestry institutions, would it make a difference to them their communities and forests as a national resource? Interview with the author.
Why has access to forests been such a conflict-ridden issue?
This is not surprising. Forests constitute not just community and national wealth, but global wealth. But for millions, forests are also critical for livelihoods and their daily lives.
Your first book, Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes (1986), was about forests. Is there an evolution of argument here?
Yes indeed. In Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes, I had argued that social forestry, with its top-down implementation and focus on commercial species, was neither ‘social’ nor ‘forestry’, and would protect neither forests nor village livelihoods. The answer, I argued, lay in allowing forest communities to manage local forests. Finally, in 1990, India launched the joint forest management programme and Nepal also started community forestry. So, I decided to see for myself how community forestry was actually doing.
Between 1995 and 1999, I travelled extensively across India and Nepal and found a paradox. Forests were indeed becoming greener but women’s problem of firewood shortages persisted and in many cases had become more acute. Also, despite their high stakes in forests, women continued to be largely excluded from forest management. I coined the term ‘participatory exclusions’ to describe this. However, the current book is less about women’s exclusion. I ask : what if women were present in forest governance? What difference would that make?
But has this question not been raised before?
Economists researching environmental collective action have paid little attention to gender. Scholars from other disciplines focusing on gender and governance have been concerned mainly with women’s near absence from governance institutions. The presumption is that once women are present all good things will follow. But can we assume this? No, rural women’s relationship with forests is complex. On the one hand, their everyday dependence on forests for firewood, fodder, etc., creates a strong stake in conservation. On the other, the same dependence can compel them to extract heavily from forests. As one landless woman told me: ‘Of course, it hurts me to cut a green branch but what do I do if my children are hungry? Taking an agnostic position, I decided to test varied propositions, controlling for other factors.
What did you find?
First, women’s greater presence enhances their effective voice in decision making. And there is a critical mass effect. If forest management groups have 25-33% female members in their executive committees it significantly increases the likelihood of women attending meetings, speaking up and holding office. However, the inclusion of landless women makes a particular difference. When present in sufficient numbers they are more likely to attend meetings and voice their concerns than landed women. So what matters is not just including more women, but more poor women.
Second, and unexpectedly, groups with more women typically make stricter forest use rules. Why is this the case? Mainly because they receive poorer forests from the forest department. To regenerate these, they have to sacrifice their immediate needs. Women from households with some land have some fallback. But remarkably even in groups with more landless women, although extraction is higher, they still balance self-interest with conservation goals, when placed in decision making positions.
Third, groups with more women outperform other groups in improving forest conditions, despite getting poorer forests. Involving women substantially improves protection and conflict resolution, helps the use of their knowledge of local biodiversity and raises children’s awareness about conservation.
What percent of female members in the Executive Committee for ForestManagement is being recommended by the author?
(A). Less than 25%
(B). More than 50%
(C). 100%
(D). About 75%
Right Answer: E
7. Directions (Q. 1-13) Read the following interview and answer the given questions based on that. Some words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
A pioneering new book, Gender and Green Governance, explores a central question: if women had adequate representation in forestry institutions, would it make a difference to them their communities and forests as a national resource? Interview with the author.
Why has access to forests been such a conflict-ridden issue?
This is not surprising. Forests constitute not just community and national wealth, but global wealth. But for millions, forests are also critical for livelihoods and their daily lives.
Your first book, Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes (1986), was about forests. Is there an evolution of argument here?
Yes indeed. In Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes, I had argued that social forestry, with its top-down implementation and focus on commercial species, was neither ‘social’ nor ‘forestry’, and would protect neither forests nor village livelihoods. The answer, I argued, lay in allowing forest communities to manage local forests. Finally, in 1990, India launched the joint forest management programme and Nepal also started community forestry. So, I decided to see for myself how community forestry was actually doing.
Between 1995 and 1999, I travelled extensively across India and Nepal and found a paradox. Forests were indeed becoming greener but women’s problem of firewood shortages persisted and in many cases had become more acute. Also, despite their high stakes in forests, women continued to be largely excluded from forest management. I coined the term ‘participatory exclusions’ to describe this. However, the current book is less about women’s exclusion. I ask : what if women were present in forest governance? What difference would that make?
But has this question not been raised before?
Economists researching environmental collective action have paid little attention to gender. Scholars from other disciplines focusing on gender and governance have been concerned mainly with women’s near absence from governance institutions. The presumption is that once women are present all good things will follow. But can we assume this? No, rural women’s relationship with forests is complex. On the one hand, their everyday dependence on forests for firewood, fodder, etc., creates a strong stake in conservation. On the other, the same dependence can compel them to extract heavily from forests. As one landless woman told me: ‘Of course, it hurts me to cut a green branch but what do I do if my children are hungry? Taking an agnostic position, I decided to test varied propositions, controlling for other factors.
What did you find?
First, women’s greater presence enhances their effective voice in decision making. And there is a critical mass effect. If forest management groups have 25-33% female members in their executive committees it significantly increases the likelihood of women attending meetings, speaking up and holding office. However, the inclusion of landless women makes a particular difference. When present in sufficient numbers they are more likely to attend meetings and voice their concerns than landed women. So what matters is not just including more women, but more poor women.
Second, and unexpectedly, groups with more women typically make stricter forest use rules. Why is this the case? Mainly because they receive poorer forests from the forest department. To regenerate these, they have to sacrifice their immediate needs. Women from households with some land have some fallback. But remarkably even in groups with more landless women, although extraction is higher, they still balance self-interest with conservation goals, when placed in decision making positions.
Third, groups with more women outperform other groups in improving forest conditions, despite getting poorer forests. Involving women substantially improves protection and conflict resolution, helps the use of their knowledge of local biodiversity and raises children’s awareness about conservation.
Why does author say, 'Rural women' s relationship with forests iscomplex'?
(A). Dependence forces them to extract and also have concern forconservation
(B). If they protect forests, their livelihood is severely affected
(C). Poor women have been excluded from forest management
(D). They cannot be asked to restore forests which are critical for them
Right Answer: A
8. Directions (Q. 1-13) Read the following interview and answer the given questions based on that. Some words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
A pioneering new book, Gender and Green Governance, explores a central question: if women had adequate representation in forestry institutions, would it make a difference to them their communities and forests as a national resource? Interview with the author.
Why has access to forests been such a conflict-ridden issue?
This is not surprising. Forests constitute not just community and national wealth, but global wealth. But for millions, forests are also critical for livelihoods and their daily lives.
Your first book, Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes (1986), was about forests. Is there an evolution of argument here?
Yes indeed. In Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes, I had argued that social forestry, with its top-down implementation and focus on commercial species, was neither ‘social’ nor ‘forestry’, and would protect neither forests nor village livelihoods. The answer, I argued, lay in allowing forest communities to manage local forests. Finally, in 1990, India launched the joint forest management programme and Nepal also started community forestry. So, I decided to see for myself how community forestry was actually doing.
Between 1995 and 1999, I travelled extensively across India and Nepal and found a paradox. Forests were indeed becoming greener but women’s problem of firewood shortages persisted and in many cases had become more acute. Also, despite their high stakes in forests, women continued to be largely excluded from forest management. I coined the term ‘participatory exclusions’ to describe this. However, the current book is less about women’s exclusion. I ask : what if women were present in forest governance? What difference would that make?
But has this question not been raised before?
Economists researching environmental collective action have paid little attention to gender. Scholars from other disciplines focusing on gender and governance have been concerned mainly with women’s near absence from governance institutions. The presumption is that once women are present all good things will follow. But can we assume this? No, rural women’s relationship with forests is complex. On the one hand, their everyday dependence on forests for firewood, fodder, etc., creates a strong stake in conservation. On the other, the same dependence can compel them to extract heavily from forests. As one landless woman told me: ‘Of course, it hurts me to cut a green branch but what do I do if my children are hungry? Taking an agnostic position, I decided to test varied propositions, controlling for other factors.
What did you find?
First, women’s greater presence enhances their effective voice in decision making. And there is a critical mass effect. If forest management groups have 25-33% female members in their executive committees it significantly increases the likelihood of women attending meetings, speaking up and holding office. However, the inclusion of landless women makes a particular difference. When present in sufficient numbers they are more likely to attend meetings and voice their concerns than landed women. So what matters is not just including more women, but more poor women.
Second, and unexpectedly, groups with more women typically make stricter forest use rules. Why is this the case? Mainly because they receive poorer forests from the forest department. To regenerate these, they have to sacrifice their immediate needs. Women from households with some land have some fallback. But remarkably even in groups with more landless women, although extraction is higher, they still balance self-interest with conservation goals, when placed in decision making positions.
Third, groups with more women outperform other groups in improving forest conditions, despite getting poorer forests. Involving women substantially improves protection and conflict resolution, helps the use of their knowledge of local biodiversity and raises children’s awareness about conservation.
Landless women, when in decision making role
(A). extract much more from forest
(B). improve their own financial status
(C). do not care for forest
(D). are able to meet conservation objectives as well as their owninterest
Right Answer: D
9. Directions (Q. 1-13) Read the following interview and answer the given questions based on that. Some words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
A pioneering new book, Gender and Green Governance, explores a central question: if women had adequate representation in forestry institutions, would it make a difference to them their communities and forests as a national resource? Interview with the author.
Why has access to forests been such a conflict-ridden issue?
This is not surprising. Forests constitute not just community and national wealth, but global wealth. But for millions, forests are also critical for livelihoods and their daily lives.
Your first book, Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes (1986), was about forests. Is there an evolution of argument here?
Yes indeed. In Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes, I had argued that social forestry, with its top-down implementation and focus on commercial species, was neither ‘social’ nor ‘forestry’, and would protect neither forests nor village livelihoods. The answer, I argued, lay in allowing forest communities to manage local forests. Finally, in 1990, India launched the joint forest management programme and Nepal also started community forestry. So, I decided to see for myself how community forestry was actually doing.
Between 1995 and 1999, I travelled extensively across India and Nepal and found a paradox. Forests were indeed becoming greener but women’s problem of firewood shortages persisted and in many cases had become more acute. Also, despite their high stakes in forests, women continued to be largely excluded from forest management. I coined the term ‘participatory exclusions’ to describe this. However, the current book is less about women’s exclusion. I ask : what if women were present in forest governance? What difference would that make?
But has this question not been raised before?
Economists researching environmental collective action have paid little attention to gender. Scholars from other disciplines focusing on gender and governance have been concerned mainly with women’s near absence from governance institutions. The presumption is that once women are present all good things will follow. But can we assume this? No, rural women’s relationship with forests is complex. On the one hand, their everyday dependence on forests for firewood, fodder, etc., creates a strong stake in conservation. On the other, the same dependence can compel them to extract heavily from forests. As one landless woman told me: ‘Of course, it hurts me to cut a green branch but what do I do if my children are hungry? Taking an agnostic position, I decided to test varied propositions, controlling for other factors.
What did you find?
First, women’s greater presence enhances their effective voice in decision making. And there is a critical mass effect. If forest management groups have 25-33% female members in their executive committees it significantly increases the likelihood of women attending meetings, speaking up and holding office. However, the inclusion of landless women makes a particular difference. When present in sufficient numbers they are more likely to attend meetings and voice their concerns than landed women. So what matters is not just including more women, but more poor women.
Second, and unexpectedly, groups with more women typically make stricter forest use rules. Why is this the case? Mainly because they receive poorer forests from the forest department. To regenerate these, they have to sacrifice their immediate needs. Women from households with some land have some fallback. But remarkably even in groups with more landless women, although extraction is higher, they still balance self-interest with conservation goals, when placed in decision making positions.
Third, groups with more women outperform other groups in improving forest conditions, despite getting poorer forests. Involving women substantially improves protection and conflict resolution, helps the use of their knowledge of local biodiversity and raises children’s awareness about conservation.
When more women are involved, which of the following also happens?
(A). They get poorer forests
(B). They come to know about conservation needs
(C). Children become more aware about conservation
(D). They are able to devote more time to conservation
Right Answer: C
10. Directions (Q. 10-13) Choose the word/group of words which is most nearly the same in meaning of the words printed in bold.
Directions (Q. 1-13) Read the following interview and answer the given questions based on that. Some words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
A pioneering new book, Gender and Green Governance, explores a central question: if women had adequate representation in forestry institutions, would it make a difference to them their communities and forests as a national resource? Interview with the author.
Why has access to forests been such a conflict-ridden issue?
This is not surprising. Forests constitute not just community and national wealth, but global wealth. But for millions, forests are also critical for livelihoods and their daily lives.
Your first book, Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes (1986), was about forests. Is there an evolution of argument here?
Yes indeed. In Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes, I had argued that social forestry, with its top-down implementation and focus on commercial species, was neither ‘social’ nor ‘forestry’, and would protect neither forests nor village livelihoods. The answer, I argued, lay in allowing forest communities to manage local forests. Finally, in 1990, India launched the joint forest management programme and Nepal also started community forestry. So, I decided to see for myself how community forestry was actually doing.
Between 1995 and 1999, I travelled extensively across India and Nepal and found a paradox. Forests were indeed becoming greener but women’s problem of firewood shortages persisted and in many cases had become more acute. Also, despite their high stakes in forests, women continued to be largely excluded from forest management. I coined the term ‘participatory exclusions’ to describe this. However, the current book is less about women’s exclusion. I ask : what if women were present in forest governance? What difference would that make?
But has this question not been raised before?
Economists researching environmental collective action have paid little attention to gender. Scholars from other disciplines focusing on gender and governance have been concerned mainly with women’s near absence from governance institutions. The presumption is that once women are present all good things will follow. But can we assume this? No, rural women’s relationship with forests is complex. On the one hand, their everyday dependence on forests for firewood, fodder, etc., creates a strong stake in conservation. On the other, the same dependence can compel them to extract heavily from forests. As one landless woman told me: ‘Of course, it hurts me to cut a green branch but what do I do if my children are hungry? Taking an agnostic position, I decided to test varied propositions, controlling for other factors.
What did you find?
First, women’s greater presence enhances their effective voice in decision making. And there is a critical mass effect. If forest management groups have 25-33% female members in their executive committees it significantly increases the likelihood of women attending meetings, speaking up and holding office. However, the inclusion of landless women makes a particular difference. When present in sufficient numbers they are more likely to attend meetings and voice their concerns than landed women. So what matters is not just including more women, but more poor women.
Second, and unexpectedly, groups with more women typically make stricter forest use rules. Why is this the case? Mainly because they receive poorer forests from the forest department. To regenerate these, they have to sacrifice their immediate needs. Women from households with some land have some fallback. But remarkably even in groups with more landless women, although extraction is higher, they still balance self-interest with conservation goals, when placed in decision making positions.
Third, groups with more women outperform other groups in improving forest conditions, despite getting poorer forests. Involving women substantially improves protection and conflict resolution, helps the use of their knowledge of local biodiversity and raises children’s awareness about conservation.
Controlling
(A). Holding in check
(B). Increasing
(C). Decreasing
(D). Passing
Right Answer: A
11. Directions (Q. 10-13) Choose the word/group of words which is most nearly the same in meaning of the words printed in bold.
Directions (Q. 1-13) Read the following interview and answer the given questions based on that. Some words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
A pioneering new book, Gender and Green Governance, explores a central question: if women had adequate representation in forestry institutions, would it make a difference to them their communities and forests as a national resource? Interview with the author.
Why has access to forests been such a conflict-ridden issue?
This is not surprising. Forests constitute not just community and national wealth, but global wealth. But for millions, forests are also critical for livelihoods and their daily lives.
Your first book, Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes (1986), was about forests. Is there an evolution of argument here?
Yes indeed. In Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes, I had argued that social forestry, with its top-down implementation and focus on commercial species, was neither ‘social’ nor ‘forestry’, and would protect neither forests nor village livelihoods. The answer, I argued, lay in allowing forest communities to manage local forests. Finally, in 1990, India launched the joint forest management programme and Nepal also started community forestry. So, I decided to see for myself how community forestry was actually doing.
Between 1995 and 1999, I travelled extensively across India and Nepal and found a paradox. Forests were indeed becoming greener but women’s problem of firewood shortages persisted and in many cases had become more acute. Also, despite their high stakes in forests, women continued to be largely excluded from forest management. I coined the term ‘participatory exclusions’ to describe this. However, the current book is less about women’s exclusion. I ask : what if women were present in forest governance? What difference would that make?
But has this question not been raised before?
Economists researching environmental collective action have paid little attention to gender. Scholars from other disciplines focusing on gender and governance have been concerned mainly with women’s near absence from governance institutions. The presumption is that once women are present all good things will follow. But can we assume this? No, rural women’s relationship with forests is complex. On the one hand, their everyday dependence on forests for firewood, fodder, etc., creates a strong stake in conservation. On the other, the same dependence can compel them to extract heavily from forests. As one landless woman told me: ‘Of course, it hurts me to cut a green branch but what do I do if my children are hungry? Taking an agnostic position, I decided to test varied propositions, controlling for other factors.
What did you find?
First, women’s greater presence enhances their effective voice in decision making. And there is a critical mass effect. If forest management groups have 25-33% female members in their executive committees it significantly increases the likelihood of women attending meetings, speaking up and holding office. However, the inclusion of landless women makes a particular difference. When present in sufficient numbers they are more likely to attend meetings and voice their concerns than landed women. So what matters is not just including more women, but more poor women.
Second, and unexpectedly, groups with more women typically make stricter forest use rules. Why is this the case? Mainly because they receive poorer forests from the forest department. To regenerate these, they have to sacrifice their immediate needs. Women from households with some land have some fallback. But remarkably even in groups with more landless women, although extraction is higher, they still balance self-interest with conservation goals, when placed in decision making positions.
Third, groups with more women outperform other groups in improving forest conditions, despite getting poorer forests. Involving women substantially improves protection and conflict resolution, helps the use of their knowledge of local biodiversity and raises children’s awareness about conservation.
Paradox
(A). Similarity
(B). Position
(C). Anomaly
(D). Difference
Right Answer: C
12. Directions (Q. 10-13) Choose the word/group of words which is most nearly the same in meaning of the words printed in bold.
Directions (Q. 1-13) Read the following interview and answer the given questions based on that. Some words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
A pioneering new book, Gender and Green Governance, explores a central question: if women had adequate representation in forestry institutions, would it make a difference to them their communities and forests as a national resource? Interview with the author.
Why has access to forests been such a conflict-ridden issue?
This is not surprising. Forests constitute not just community and national wealth, but global wealth. But for millions, forests are also critical for livelihoods and their daily lives.
Your first book, Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes (1986), was about forests. Is there an evolution of argument here?
Yes indeed. In Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes, I had argued that social forestry, with its top-down implementation and focus on commercial species, was neither ‘social’ nor ‘forestry’, and would protect neither forests nor village livelihoods. The answer, I argued, lay in allowing forest communities to manage local forests. Finally, in 1990, India launched the joint forest management programme and Nepal also started community forestry. So, I decided to see for myself how community forestry was actually doing.
Between 1995 and 1999, I travelled extensively across India and Nepal and found a paradox. Forests were indeed becoming greener but women’s problem of firewood shortages persisted and in many cases had become more acute. Also, despite their high stakes in forests, women continued to be largely excluded from forest management. I coined the term ‘participatory exclusions’ to describe this. However, the current book is less about women’s exclusion. I ask : what if women were present in forest governance? What difference would that make?
But has this question not been raised before?
Economists researching environmental collective action have paid little attention to gender. Scholars from other disciplines focusing on gender and governance have been concerned mainly with women’s near absence from governance institutions. The presumption is that once women are present all good things will follow. But can we assume this? No, rural women’s relationship with forests is complex. On the one hand, their everyday dependence on forests for firewood, fodder, etc., creates a strong stake in conservation. On the other, the same dependence can compel them to extract heavily from forests. As one landless woman told me: ‘Of course, it hurts me to cut a green branch but what do I do if my children are hungry? Taking an agnostic position, I decided to test varied propositions, controlling for other factors.
What did you find?
First, women’s greater presence enhances their effective voice in decision making. And there is a critical mass effect. If forest management groups have 25-33% female members in their executive committees it significantly increases the likelihood of women attending meetings, speaking up and holding office. However, the inclusion of landless women makes a particular difference. When present in sufficient numbers they are more likely to attend meetings and voice their concerns than landed women. So what matters is not just including more women, but more poor women.
Second, and unexpectedly, groups with more women typically make stricter forest use rules. Why is this the case? Mainly because they receive poorer forests from the forest department. To regenerate these, they have to sacrifice their immediate needs. Women from households with some land have some fallback. But remarkably even in groups with more landless women, although extraction is higher, they still balance self-interest with conservation goals, when placed in decision making positions.
Third, groups with more women outperform other groups in improving forest conditions, despite getting poorer forests. Involving women substantially improves protection and conflict resolution, helps the use of their knowledge of local biodiversity and raises children’s awareness about conservation.
Acute
(A). Accurate
(B). Severe
(C). Dull
(D). Focused
Right Answer: B
13. Directions (Q. 10-13) Choose the word/group of words which is most nearly the same in meaning of the words printed in bold.
Directions (Q. 1-13) Read the following interview and answer the given questions based on that. Some words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.
A pioneering new book, Gender and Green Governance, explores a central question: if women had adequate representation in forestry institutions, would it make a difference to them their communities and forests as a national resource? Interview with the author.
Why has access to forests been such a conflict-ridden issue?
This is not surprising. Forests constitute not just community and national wealth, but global wealth. But for millions, forests are also critical for livelihoods and their daily lives.
Your first book, Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes (1986), was about forests. Is there an evolution of argument here?
Yes indeed. In Cold Hearths and Barren Slopes, I had argued that social forestry, with its top-down implementation and focus on commercial species, was neither ‘social’ nor ‘forestry’, and would protect neither forests nor village livelihoods. The answer, I argued, lay in allowing forest communities to manage local forests. Finally, in 1990, India launched the joint forest management programme and Nepal also started community forestry. So, I decided to see for myself how community forestry was actually doing.
Between 1995 and 1999, I travelled extensively across India and Nepal and found a paradox. Forests were indeed becoming greener but women’s problem of firewood shortages persisted and in many cases had become more acute. Also, despite their high stakes in forests, women continued to be largely excluded from forest management. I coined the term ‘participatory exclusions’ to describe this. However, the current book is less about women’s exclusion. I ask : what if women were present in forest governance? What difference would that make?
But has this question not been raised before?
Economists researching environmental collective action have paid little attention to gender. Scholars from other disciplines focusing on gender and governance have been concerned mainly with women’s near absence from governance institutions. The presumption is that once women are present all good things will follow. But can we assume this? No, rural women’s relationship with forests is complex. On the one hand, their everyday dependence on forests for firewood, fodder, etc., creates a strong stake in conservation. On the other, the same dependence can compel them to extract heavily from forests. As one landless woman told me: ‘Of course, it hurts me to cut a green branch but what do I do if my children are hungry? Taking an agnostic position, I decided to test varied propositions, controlling for other factors.
What did you find?
First, women’s greater presence enhances their effective voice in decision making. And there is a critical mass effect. If forest management groups have 25-33% female members in their executive committees it significantly increases the likelihood of women attending meetings, speaking up and holding office. However, the inclusion of landless women makes a particular difference. When present in sufficient numbers they are more likely to attend meetings and voice their concerns than landed women. So what matters is not just including more women, but more poor women.
Second, and unexpectedly, groups with more women typically make stricter forest use rules. Why is this the case? Mainly because they receive poorer forests from the forest department. To regenerate these, they have to sacrifice their immediate needs. Women from households with some land have some fallback. But remarkably even in groups with more landless women, although extraction is higher, they still balance self-interest with conservation goals, when placed in decision making positions.
Third, groups with more women outperform other groups in improving forest conditions, despite getting poorer forests. Involving women substantially improves protection and conflict resolution, helps the use of their knowledge of local biodiversity and raises children’s awareness about conservation.
Green
(A). Colour
(B). Dried
(C). Old
(D). Live
Right Answer: D
14. Directions (Q. 14-18) Which of the phrases {A}, {B}, {C} and {D} given below each sentence should replace the word/phrase printed in bold in the sentence to make it grammatically correct? If the sentence is correct as it is given and no correct is required, make {E} as the answer.
The abduction and return of the local leader within 24 hours onWednesday has left some lose and that have beenintriguinginvestigators probing the case.
(A). left some loosened endings
(B). been leaving some loosening ends
(C). leave some lose ends
(D). left some loose ends
Right Answer: D
15. Directions (Q. 14-18) Which of the phrases {A}, {B}, {C} and {D} given below each sentence should replace the word/phrase printed in bold in the sentence to make it grammatically correct? If the sentence is correct as it is given and no correct is required, make {E} as the answer.
According to the investigators, the hammer used in the crime wasthe one who is used by security guards to sound the hourlybellon a metal plate while on duty.
(A). are those ones which
(B). was the one that
(C). which one
(D). is ones that
Right Answer: B
16. Directions (Q. 14-18) Which of the phrases {A}, {B}, {C} and {D} given below each sentence should replace the word/phrase printed in bold in the sentence to make it grammatically correct? If the sentence is correct as it is given and no correct is required, make {E} as the answer.
The fraud comes at a time when the unregulated microfinance industryis facing a crisis on its way of high interestrates and lowrepayment of loans.
(A). because manner of
(B). since ways are
(C). by way of
(D). in the way of
Right Answer: C
17. Directions (Q. 14-18) Which of the phrases {A}, {B}, {C} and {D} given below each sentence should replace the word/phrase printed in bold in the sentence to make it grammatically correct? If the sentence is correct as it is given and no correct is required, make {E} as the answer.
Preliminary investigation revealed that the woman had committedsuicide on account of her failed attempt to enterthe country.
(A). in place of
(B). being depressed of
(C). in belief of
(D). reason being
Right Answer: E
18. Directions (Q. 14-18) Which of the phrases {A}, {B}, {C} and {D} given below each sentence should replace the word/phrase printed in bold in the sentence to make it grammatically correct? If the sentence is correct as it is given and no correct is required, make {E} as the answer.
Frustrated families of the missing people have sought accessto all documents and data concerning the search and the inclusion ofinternational experts in the inquiry.
(A). have sought accessing
(B). in seeking access
(C). are seeking accessed
(D). has sought accesses
Right Answer: C
19. Directions (Q. 19-23) Rearrange the following six sentences A, B, C, D, E and F in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph, then answer the questions given below them.
A. While the reference point for the former is the state, for the latter it’s society.
B. India’s ‘strategic community’ comprises two distinct circles with little overlap.
C. Consequently, mainstream strategists have an external orientation to their discourse, concentrating on high politics; the latter is more internal oriented.
D. Their prescriptions too are understandably poles apart and thus, the state, to which both their commentary is directed, has to play balancer, and ends up being at the receiving end of criticism from both sides.
E. Out of the two, one can be termed the ‘mainstream’ and the other ‘alternate’.
F. To further elaborate on the external and internal concept – while one is enamoured of India’s rise and place in the global order, the other is more sensitive to its vulnerabilities and inadequacies.
Which of the following should be 4th sentenceafterrearrangement?
(A). E
(B). D
(C). C
(D). B
Right Answer: C
20. Directions (Q. 19-23) Rearrange the following six sentences A, B, C, D, E and F in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph, then answer the questions given below them.
A. While the reference point for the former is the state, for the latter it’s society.
B. India’s ‘strategic community’ comprises two distinct circles with little overlap.
C. Consequently, mainstream strategists have an external orientation to their discourse, concentrating on high politics; the latter is more internal oriented.
D. Their prescriptions too are understandably poles apart and thus, the state, to which both their commentary is directed, has to play balancer, and ends up being at the receiving end of criticism from both sides.
E. Out of the two, one can be termed the ‘mainstream’ and the other ‘alternate’.
F. To further elaborate on the external and internal concept – while one is enamoured of India’s rise and place in the global order, the other is more sensitive to its vulnerabilities and inadequacies.
Which of the following should be 6th sentenceafterrearrangement?
(A). A
(B). B
(C). C
(D). D
Right Answer: D
21. Directions (Q. 19-23) Rearrange the following six sentences A, B, C, D, E and F in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph, then answer the questions given below them.
A. While the reference point for the former is the state, for the latter it’s society.
B. India’s ‘strategic community’ comprises two distinct circles with little overlap.
C. Consequently, mainstream strategists have an external orientation to their discourse, concentrating on high politics; the latter is more internal oriented.
D. Their prescriptions too are understandably poles apart and thus, the state, to which both their commentary is directed, has to play balancer, and ends up being at the receiving end of criticism from both sides.
E. Out of the two, one can be termed the ‘mainstream’ and the other ‘alternate’.
F. To further elaborate on the external and internal concept – while one is enamoured of India’s rise and place in the global order, the other is more sensitive to its vulnerabilities and inadequacies.
Which of the following should be 2nd sentence after rearrangement?
(A). E
(B). D
(C). C
(D). B
Right Answer: A
22. Directions (Q. 19-23) Rearrange the following six sentences A, B, C, D, E and F in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph, then answer the questions given below them.
A. While the reference point for the former is the state, for the latter it’s society.
B. India’s ‘strategic community’ comprises two distinct circles with little overlap.
C. Consequently, mainstream strategists have an external orientation to their discourse, concentrating on high politics; the latter is more internal oriented.
D. Their prescriptions too are understandably poles apart and thus, the state, to which both their commentary is directed, has to play balancer, and ends up being at the receiving end of criticism from both sides.
E. Out of the two, one can be termed the ‘mainstream’ and the other ‘alternate’.
F. To further elaborate on the external and internal concept – while one is enamoured of India’s rise and place in the global order, the other is more sensitive to its vulnerabilities and inadequacies.
Which of the following should be 1st sentence after rearrangement?
(A). A
(B). B
(C). C
(D). D
Right Answer: B
23. Directions (Q. 19-23) Rearrange the following six sentences A, B, C, D, E and F in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph, then answer the questions given below them.
A. While the reference point for the former is the state, for the latter it’s society.
B. India’s ‘strategic community’ comprises two distinct circles with little overlap.
C. Consequently, mainstream strategists have an external orientation to their discourse, concentrating on high politics; the latter is more internal oriented.
D. Their prescriptions too are understandably poles apart and thus, the state, to which both their commentary is directed, has to play balancer, and ends up being at the receiving end of criticism from both sides.
E. Out of the two, one can be termed the ‘mainstream’ and the other ‘alternate’.
F. To further elaborate on the external and internal concept – while one is enamoured of India’s rise and place in the global order, the other is more sensitive to its vulnerabilities and inadequacies.
Which of the following should be 3rd sentence after rearrangement?
(A). A
(B). B
(C). C
(D). D
Right Answer: A
24. Read each sentence to find out whether there is only grammatical error or idiomatic error in it. The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that partis the answer. If there is no error, the answer is (E). (Ignore errors of punctuation, if any)
The angry boatman threw (X1) / the cracked oar (X2) / in the river(X3) / and returned home. (X4) No error (X5)
(A). (X1)
(B). (X2)
(C). (X3)
(D). (X4)
Right Answer: C
25. Read each sentence to find out whether there is only grammatical error or idiomatic error in it. The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that partis the answer. If there is no error, the answer is (E). (Ignore errors of punctuation, if any)
3rd World countries must adopt (X1) / a radically different approachfor (X2) / the dissemination of scientific information (X3) / in viewof the nature and magnitude of their problems. (X4) No error (X5)
(A). (X1)
(B). (X2)
(C). (X3)
(D). (X4)
Right Answer: B
26. Read each sentence to find out whether there is only grammatical error or idiomatic error in it. The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that partis the answer. If there is no error, the answer is (E). (Ignore errors of punctuation, if any)
Yet the writers (X1) / have no qualms in (X2) / depicting the gory(X3) / details of the violence. (X4) No error (X5)
(A). (X1)
(B). (X2)
(C). (X3)
(D). (X4)
Right Answer: B
27. Read each sentence to find out whether there is only grammatical error or idiomatic error in it. The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that partis the answer. If there is no error, the answer is (E). (Ignore errors of punctuation, if any)
The boy attempted the questions (X1) / so well (X2) / that histeacher was exceedingly (X3) / pleased at him. (X4) No error (X5)
(A). (X1)
(B). (X2)
(C). (X3)
(D). (X4)
Right Answer: D
28. Read each sentence to find out whether there is only grammatical error or idiomatic error in it. The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that partis the answer. If there is no error, the answer is (E). (Ignore errors of punctuation, if any)
The Trust plans (X1) / to set on (X2) / a special school for (X3) /dumb and deaf children. (X4) No error (X5)
(A). (X1)
(B). (X2)
(C). (X3)
(D). (X4)
Right Answer: B
29. Read each sentence to find out whether there is only grammatical error or idiomatic error in it. The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that partis the answer. If there is no error, the answer is (E). (Ignore errors of punctuation, if any)
The director prefers (X1) / your plan than (X2) / that given by (X3)/ the other members of the committee. (X4) No error (X5)
(A). (X1)
(B). (X2)
(C). (X3)
(D). (X4)
Right Answer: B
30. Read each sentence to find out whether there is only grammatical error or idiomatic error in it. The error, if any, will be in one part of the sentence. The number of that partis the answer. If there is no error, the answer is (E). (Ignore errors of punctuation, if any)
I always prefer (X1) / working in a relaxed atmosphere (X2) / thanone full of (X3) / tension and anxiety. (X4) No error (X5)
(A). (X1)
(B). (X2)
(C). (X3)
(D). (X4)
Right Answer: C
31. If it is possible to make only one meaningful word with 3rd, 4th, 8thand 9th letters of the word 'CENTURIES' which would be 2nd letterof the word from left? If more than one such word can be formed, give 'A' as the answer. If no such word can be formed, give 'Z' as your answer.
(A). A
(B). N
(C). T
(D). E
Right Answer: A
32. If in a certain code language 'ARIHANT' is coded as 'ZIRSZMG','BIRD' is written as 'YRIW', then how will 'PAINTER' becoded in that language?
(A). KZRMVGI
(B). KZRMIGV
(C). KZRMGIV
(D). KZRMGVI
Right Answer: D
33. Rajat correctly remembers that his mother's birthday is not after18th of June. His sister correctly remembers that their mother's birthday is before 20th June but after 17th June. On which day inApril was definitely their mother's birthday?
(A). 17th
(B). 19th
(C). 18th
(D). 17th or 18th
Right Answer: C
34. In a row of children facing North, Ritesh is 12th from the left end. Sudhir, who is 22nd from the right end is 4th to the right of Ritesh. Total how many children are there in the row?
(A). 35
(B). 36
(C). 37
(D). 34
Right Answer: C
35. If A means ‘−’, B means ‘÷’, C means ‘+’, and D means ‘×’, then 15 B 3 C 24 A 12 D 2
= ?
(A). 3
(B). 5
(C). 7
(D). 9
Right Answer: B
36. Looking at a woman siting next to him, Amit said, 'she is thesister of the husband of my wife'. How is the woman related toAmit?
(A). Niece
(B). Daughter
(C). Sister
(D). Wife
Right Answer: C
37. Read the information carefully and answer the following questions.
If A + B means A is the father of B.
If A × B means A is the sister of B.
If A $ B means A is the wife of B.
If A % B means A is the mother of B.
If A ÷ B means A is the son of B.
What should come in place of the question mark, to establish that Jis the brother of T in the expression?
J ÷ P % H ? T % L
(A). X
(B). ÷
(C). $
(D). Either + or ×
Right Answer: A
38. Read the information carefully and answer the following questions.
If A + B means A is the father of B.
If A × B means A is the sister of B.
If A $ B means A is the wife of B.
If A % B means A is the mother of B.
If A ÷ B means A is the son of B.
Which among the given expressions indicate that M is the daughter ofD?
(A). L % R $ D + T × M
(B). L + R $ D + M × T
(C). L % R % D + T ÷ M
(D). L $ D ÷ R % M ÷ T
Right Answer: B
39. Read the information carefully and answer the following questions.
If A + B means A is the father of B.
If A × B means A is the sister of B.
If A $ B means A is the wife of B.
If A % B means A is the mother of B.
If A ÷ B means A is the son of B.
Which among the following options is true, if the expression I + T % J × L ÷ K is definitely true?
(A). L is the daughter of T
(B). K is the son-in-law of I
(C). I is the grandmother of L
(D). J is the brother of L
Right Answer: B
40. Read the information carefully and answer the following questions.
If A + B means A is the father of B.
If A × B means A is the sister of B.
If A $ B means A is the wife of B.
If A % B means A is the mother of B.
If A ÷ B means A is the son of B.
Which among the following expressions is true, if Y is the son of Xis definitely true?
(A). W % L × T × Y ÷ X
(B). W + L × T × Y ÷ X
(C). X + L × T × Y ÷ W
(D). W $ X + L + Y + T
Right Answer: D
41. Read the information carefully and answer the following questions.
If A + B means A is the father of B.
If A × B means A is the sister of B.
If A $ B means A is the wife of B.
If A % B means A is the mother of B.
If A ÷ B means A is the son of B.
What should come in place of the question mark, to establish that Tis the sister-in-law of Q in the expression
R % T × P ? Q + V
(A). +
(B). %
(C). x
(D). $
Right Answer: D
42. A bus for Delhi leaves every 30 min from a bus stand. An enquiryclerk, Rambabu told Shyamlal, a passenger that the bus has alreadyleft 10 min ago and the next bus will leave at 9:35 am. At what timedid the enquiry clerk give this information to Shyamlal?
(A). 9:15 am
(B). 9:10 am
(C). 9:20 am
(D). 9:05 am
Right Answer: A
43. If day before yesterday was Saturday, then what day of the week willit be on day after tomorrow?
(A). Friday
(B). Thursday
(C). Wednesday
(D). Tuesday
Right Answer: C
44. Nikhil walked 30 m towards East took a left turn and walked 20 m. Heagain took a left turn and walked 30 m. How far and in whichdirection is he from his starting point?
(A). 20m, North
(B). 80 m, North
(C). 20 m, South
(D). 80 m, South
Right Answer: A
45. Read the information given below to answer the questions. A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H want to have a dinner on a round table and they have worked out the following seating arrangements.
I. A will sit beside C.
II. H will sit beside A.
III. C will sit beside E.
IV. F will sit beside H.
V. E will sit beside G.
VI. D will sit beside F.
VII. G will sit beside B.
VIII. B will sit beside D.
Which of the following is wrong?
(A). A will be to the immediate right of C
(B). D will be to the immediate left of B
(C). E will be to the immediate right of A
(D). F will be to the immediate left of D
Right Answer: C
46. Read the information given below to answer the questions. A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H want to have a dinner on a round table and they have worked out the following seating arrangements.
I. A will sit beside C.
II. H will sit beside A.
III. C will sit beside E.
IV. F will sit beside H.
V. E will sit beside G.
VI. D will sit beside F.
VII. G will sit beside B.
VIII. B will sit beside D.
Which of the following is correct?
(A). B will be to the immediate left of D
(B). H will be to the immediate right of A
(C). C will be to the immediate right of F
(D). B will be to the immediate left of H
Right Answer: B
47. Read the information given below to answer the questions. A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H want to have a dinner on a round table and they have worked out the following seating arrangements.
I. A will sit beside C.
II. H will sit beside A.
III. C will sit beside E.
IV. F will sit beside H.
V. E will sit beside G.
VI. D will sit beside F.
VII. G will sit beside B.
VIII. B will sit beside D.
A and F will become neighbours, if
(A). B agrees to change her sitting position
(B). C agrees to change her sitting position
(C). G agrees to change her sitting position
(D). H agrees to change her sitting position
Right Answer: D
48. Read the information given below to answer the questions. A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H want to have a dinner on a round table and they have worked out the following seating arrangements.
I. A will sit beside C.
II. H will sit beside A.
III. C will sit beside E.
IV. F will sit beside H.
V. E will sit beside G.
VI. D will sit beside F.
VII. G will sit beside B.
VIII. B will sit beside D.
During sitting
(A). A will be directly facing C
(B). B will be directly facing C
(C). A will be directly facing B
(D). B will be directly facing D
Right Answer: C
49. Read the information given below to answer the questions. A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H want to have a dinner on a round table and they have worked out the following seating arrangements.
I. A will sit beside C.
II. H will sit beside A.
III. C will sit beside E.
IV. F will sit beside H.
V. E will sit beside G.
VI. D will sit beside F.
VII. G will sit beside B.
VIII. B will sit beside D.
H will be sitting between
(A). C and B
(B). A and F
(C). D and G
(D). E and G
Right Answer: B
50.
A marketing firm wants to recruit trainee officers. Following is the criteria for selection.
The candidates must
(i) Be a graduate in any discipline with at least 55% marks
(ii) Have completed post-graduate degree/diploma in marketing management with at least 65% marks
(iii) Have cleared the selection test with at least 50% marks
(iv) Have cleared the interview with at least 55% marks
(v) Be willing to sign a bond for 2 years
(vi) Be not less than 21 years and not more than 26 years of age as on 1st February, 2009 However, if a candidate satisfies all the above criteria except
{A} At (ii) above but has working experience in the marketing department for at least one year and has a post-graduate degree/diploma with any specialization, the case is to be referred to the Vice-President
{B} At (v) above but is willing to pay an amount of Rs.1 Lakh in case, if the candidate leaves the case is to be referred to the head to marketing department.
In each of the question below, information of one candidate is given. You have to take one of th e following five decisions based on the information provided and the criteria and conditions given above. You are not to assume anything other than the information provided in each question. All these cases are given to you as on 1st February, 2009. You have to indicate your decision by marketing answer to each question as follows.
(A). If the case is to be referred to Vice-President
(B). If the case is to be referred to head of marketing department
(C). If the data provided is inadequate to take a decision
(D). If the candidate is to be selected
Right Answer: A
51.
A marketing firm wants to recruit trainee officers. Following is the criteria for selection.
The candidates must
(i) Be a graduate in any discipline with at least 55% marks
(ii) Have completed post-graduate degree/diploma in marketing management with at least 65% marks
(iii) Have cleared the selection test with at least 50% marks
(iv) Have cleared the interview with at least 55% marks
(v) Be willing to sign a bond for 2 years
(vi) Be not less than 21 years and not more than 26 years of age as on 1st February, 2009 However, if a candidate satisfies all the above criteria except
{A} At (ii) above but has working experience in the marketing department for at least one year and has a post-graduate degree/diploma with any specialization, the case is to be referred to the Vice-President
{B} At (v) above but is willing to pay an amount of Rs.1 Lakh in case, if the candidate leaves the case is to be referred to the head to marketing department.
In each of the question below, information of one candidate is given. You have to take one of th e following five decisions based on the information provided and the criteria and conditions given above. You are not to assume anything other than the information provided in each question. All these cases are given to you as on 1st February, 2009. You have to indicate your decision by marketing answer to each question as follows.
(A). If the case is to be referred to Vice-President
(B). If the case is to be referred to head of marketing department
(C). If the data provided is inadequate to take a decision
(D). If the candidate is to be selected
Right Answer: C
52.
A marketing firm wants to recruit trainee officers. Following is the criteria for selection.
The candidates must
(i) Be a graduate in any discipline with at least 55% marks
(ii) Have completed post-graduate degree/diploma in marketing management with at least 65% marks
(iii) Have cleared the selection test with at least 50% marks
(iv) Have cleared the interview with at least 55% marks
(v) Be willing to sign a bond for 2 years
(vi) Be not less than 21 years and not more than 26 years of age as on 1st February, 2009 However, if a candidate satisfies all the above criteria except
{A} At (ii) above but has working experience in the marketing department for at least one year and has a post-graduate degree/diploma with any specialization, the case is to be referred to the Vice-President
{B} At (v) above but is willing to pay an amount of Rs.1 Lakh in case, if the candidate leaves the case is to be referred to the head to marketing department.
In each of the question below, information of one candidate is given. You have to take one of th e following five decisions based on the information provided and the criteria and conditions given above. You are not to assume anything other than the information provided in each question. All these cases are given to you as on 1st February, 2009. You have to indicate your decision by marketing answer to each question as follows.
(A). If the case is to be referred to Vice-President
(B). If the case is to be referred to head of marketing department
(C). If the data provided is inadequate to take a decision
(D). If the candidate is to be selected
Right Answer: B
53.
A marketing firm wants to recruit trainee officers. Following is the criteria for selection.
The candidates must
(i) Be a graduate in any discipline with at least 55% marks
(ii) Have completed post-graduate degree/diploma in marketing management with at least 65% marks
(iii) Have cleared the selection test with at least 50% marks
(iv) Have cleared the interview with at least 55% marks
(v) Be willing to sign a bond for 2 years
(vi) Be not less than 21 years and not more than 26 years of age as on 1st February, 2009 However, if a candidate satisfies all the above criteria except
{A} At (ii) above but has working experience in the marketing department for at least one year and has a post-graduate degree/diploma with any specialization, the case is to be referred to the Vice-President
{B} At (v) above but is willing to pay an amount of Rs.1 Lakh in case, if the candidate leaves the case is to be referred to the head to marketing department.
In each of the question below, information of one candidate is given. You have to take one of th e following five decisions based on the information provided and the criteria and conditions given above. You are not to assume anything other than the information provided in each question. All these cases are given to you as on 1st February, 2009. You have to indicate your decision by marketing answer to each question as follows.
(A). If the case is to be referred to Vice-President
(B). If the case is to be referred to head of marketing department
(C). If the data provided is inadequate to take a decision
(D). If the candidate is to be selected
Right Answer: E
54.
A marketing firm wants to recruit trainee officers. Following is the criteria for selection.
The candidates must
(i) Be a graduate in any discipline with at least 55% marks
(ii) Have completed post-graduate degree/diploma in marketing management with at least 65% marks
(iii) Have cleared the selection test with at least 50% marks
(iv) Have cleared the interview with at least 55% marks
(v) Be willing to sign a bond for 2 years
(vi) Be not less than 21 years and not more than 26 years of age as on 1st February, 2009 However, if a candidate satisfies all the above criteria except
{A} At (ii) above but has working experience in the marketing department for at least one year and has a post-graduate degree/diploma with any specialization, the case is to be referred to the Vice-President
{B} At (v) above but is willing to pay an amount of Rs.1 Lakh in case, if the candidate leaves the case is to be referred to the head to marketing department.
In each of the question below, information of one candidate is given. You have to take one of th e following five decisions based on the information provided and the criteria and conditions given above. You are not to assume anything other than the information provided in each question. All these cases are given to you as on 1st February, 2009. You have to indicate your decision by marketing answer to each question as follows.
(A). If the case is to be referred to Vice-President
(B). If the case is to be referred to head of marketing department
(C). If the data provided is inadequate to take a decision
(D). If the candidate is to be selected
Right Answer: D
55.
Study the following information carefully and then answer the question given below it. A word and number arrangement machine when given on input line of words and numbers rearranges them following a particular rule in each step. The following is an illustration of input and rearrangement.
Input past back 32 47 19 own fear 25
Step I 19 past back 32 47 own fear 25
Step II 19 past 25 back 32 47 own fear
Step III 19 past 25 own back 32 47 fear
Step IV 19 past 25 own 32 back 47 fear
Step V 19 past 25 own 32 fear back 47
Step VI 19 past 25 own 32 fear 47 back
And step VI is the last step.
As per rules followed in the above steps, find out in each of the following questions, the appropriate step for the given input.
(A). 21 win 39 tyre 46 file case 51
(B). 21 win 39 tyre 46 file 51 case
(C). 21 win 39 tyre file 46 51 case
(D). 21 win 39 tyre 46 case file 51
Right Answer: E
56.
Study the following information carefully and then answer the question given below it. A word and number arrangement machine when given on input line of words and numbers rearranges them following a particular rule in each step. The following is an illustration of input and rearrangement.
Input past back 32 47 19 own fear 25
Step I 19 past back 32 47 own fear 25
Step II 19 past 25 back 32 47 own fear
Step III 19 past 25 own back 32 47 fear
Step IV 19 past 25 own 32 back 47 fear
Step V 19 past 25 own 32 fear back 47
Step VI 19 past 25 own 32 fear 47 back
And step VI is the last step.
As per rules followed in the above steps, find out in each of the following questions, the appropriate step for the given input.
(A). 13 upper 37 83 42 bench lower floor
(B). 13 upper 37 lower 83 42 bench floor
(C). 13 83 42 bench lower upper floor 37
(D). 13 upper 83 42 bench lower floor 37
Right Answer: A
57.
Study the following information carefully and then answer the question given below it. A word and number arrangement machine when given on input line of words and numbers rearranges them following a particular rule in each step. The following is an illustration of input and rearrangement.
Input past back 32 47 19 own fear 25
Step I 19 past back 32 47 own fear 25
Step II 19 past 25 back 32 47 own fear
Step III 19 past 25 own back 32 47 fear
Step IV 19 past 25 own 32 back 47 fear
Step V 19 past 25 own 32 fear back 47
Step VI 19 past 25 own 32 fear 47 back
And step VI is the last step.
As per rules followed in the above steps, find out in each of the following questions, the appropriate step for the given input.
(A). ultra open 27 case 45 35 now 12
(B). open case ultra 27 45 35 now 12
(C). open case 27 45 35 now 12 ultra
(D). Can't be determined
Right Answer: D
58.
Study the following information carefully and then answer the question given below it. A word and number arrangement machine when given on input line of words and numbers rearranges them following a particular rule in each step. The following is an illustration of input and rearrangement.
Input past back 32 47 19 own fear 25
Step I 19 past back 32 47 own fear 25
Step II 19 past 25 back 32 47 own fear
Step III 19 past 25 own back 32 47 fear
Step IV 19 past 25 own 32 back 47 fear
Step V 19 past 25 own 32 fear back 47
Step VI 19 past 25 own 32 fear 47 back
And step VI is the last step.
As per rules followed in the above steps, find out in each of the following questions, the appropriate step for the given input.
(A). V
(B). VI
(C). VII
(D). VIII
Right Answer: E
59.
Study the following information carefully and then answer the question given below it. A word and number arrangement machine when given on input line of words and numbers rearranges them following a particular rule in each step. The following is an illustration of input and rearrangement.
Input past back 32 47 19 own fear 25
Step I 19 past back 32 47 own fear 25
Step II 19 past 25 back 32 47 own fear
Step III 19 past 25 own back 32 47 fear
Step IV 19 past 25 own 32 back 47 fear
Step V 19 past 25 own 32 fear back 47
Step VI 19 past 25 own 32 fear 47 back
And step VI is the last step.
As per rules followed in the above steps, find out in each of the following questions, the appropriate step for the given input.
(A). 6
(B). 5
(C). 4
(D). 7
Right Answer: A
60. Step IV of an input is 24 step 27 pick 94 85 76 bring down. How manymore steps will be required to complete the rearrangement?
(A). 2
(B). 3
(C). 4
(D). 5
Right Answer: C
61. Step III of an input is 17 vice 22 85 and car oil 42. How many moresteps will be required to complete the rearrangement?
(A). 3
(B). 4
(C). 5
(D). 6
Right Answer: A
62.
Study the following information carefully to answer the given questions.
I. In a family of six persons, there are two couples.
II. The lawyer is the head of the family and has only two sons Mukesh and Rakesh both teachers.
III. Mrs.Reena and her mother-in-law both are lawyers.
IV. Mukesh’s wife is a doctor and they have a son, Ajay.
(A). Lawyer-Teacher
(B). Doctor-Lawyer
(C). Teacher-Teacher
(D). Can't be determined
Right Answer: A
63.
Study the following information carefully to answer the given questions.
I. In a family of six persons, there are two couples.
II. The lawyer is the head of the family and has only two sons Mukesh and Rakesh both teachers.
III. Mrs.Reena and her mother-in-law both are lawyers.
IV. Mukesh’s wife is a doctor and they have a son, Ajay.
(A). Teacher
(B). Doctor
(C). Lawyer
(D). Can't be determined
Right Answer: C
64.
Study the following information carefully to answer the given questions.
I. In a family of six persons, there are two couples.
II. The lawyer is the head of the family and has only two sons Mukesh and Rakesh both teachers.
III. Mrs.Reena and her mother-in-law both are lawyers.
IV. Mukesh’s wife is a doctor and they have a son, Ajay.
(A). Two
(B). Three
(C). Four
(D). Can't be determined
Right Answer: B
65.
Study the following information carefully to answer the given questions.
I. In a family of six persons, there are two couples.
II. The lawyer is the head of the family and has only two sons Mukesh and Rakesh both teachers.
III. Mrs.Reena and her mother-in-law both are lawyers.
IV. Mukesh’s wife is a doctor and they have a son, Ajay.
(A). Teacher
(B). Lawyer
(C). Doctor
(D). Can't be determined
Right Answer: D
66. The total area of a circle and a square is equal to 5450 sq. cm. Thediameter of the circle is 70 cms. What is the sum of thecircumference of the circle and the perimeter of the square?
(A). 360 cm
(B). 380 cm
(C). 270 cm
(D). Can't be determined
Right Answer: B
67. The ratio between the speed of a train and a car is 16:15respectively. Also, a bus covered a distance of 480 km in 8 h. Thespeed of the bus is three-fourth the speed of the train. How muchdistance will the car cover in 6 h?
(A). 450 km
(B). 480 km
(C). 360 km
(D). Can't be determined
Right Answer: A
68. Ram’s present age is three times his son’s present age and two-fifth of his father’s present age. The average of the present ages of all of them is 46 years. What is the difference between the Ram’s son’s present age and Ram’s father’s present age?
(A). 68 years
(B). 88 years
(C). 58 years
(D). Can't be determined
Right Answer: E
69. 20% of Anuj’s annual salary is equal to 75% of Raj’s annual salary. Raj’s monthly salary is 60% of Ravi’s monthly salary. If Ravi’s annual salary is Rs.1.44 Lakh. What is Anuj’s monthly salary?
(A). Rs. 270000
(B). Rs. 27000
(C). Rs. 324000
(D). Rs. 5400
Right Answer: B
70. The largest and the second largest angles of a triangle are in theratio of 3:2 respectively. The smallest angle is 20% of the sum ofthe largest and the second largest angles. What is the sum of thesmallest and the second largest angles?
(A). 80˚
(B). 60˚
(C). 100˚
(D). 90˚
Right Answer: D
71.
Study the information carefully to answer the questions that follow.
In a school there are 1200 students who have visited five different cities viz. Delhi, Kolkata, Varanasi, Mumbai and Jodhpur. 45% of the total students are boys. 30% of the total girls visited Mumbai. 2/5th of the total girls visited Delhi. Number of girls who visited Jodhpur is half of the girls visited Delhi. 2/3rd of the remaining girls visited Kolkata. Total number of students who visited Mumbai is 300. 20% of the total boys visited Delhi. 40% of the total boys visited Jodhpur. Equal number of boys visited Kolkata and Varanasi.
(A). 78
(B). 69
(C). 102
(D). 103
Right Answer: E
72.
Study the information carefully to answer the questions that follow.
In a school there are 1200 students who have visited five different cities viz. Delhi, Kolkata, Varanasi, Mumbai and Jodhpur. 45% of the total students are boys. 30% of the total girls visited Mumbai. 2/5th of the total girls visited Delhi. Number of girls who visited Jodhpur is half of the girls visited Delhi. 2/3rd of the remaining girls visited Kolkata. Total number of students who visited Mumbai is 300. 20% of the total boys visited Delhi. 40% of the total boys visited Jodhpur. Equal number of boys visited Kolkata and Varanasi.
(A). 22:51
(B). 23:51
(C). 21:55
(D). 51:22
Right Answer: A
73.
Study the information carefully to answer the questions that follow.
In a school there are 1200 students who have visited five different cities viz. Delhi, Kolkata, Varanasi, Mumbai and Jodhpur. 45% of the total students are boys. 30% of the total girls visited Mumbai. 2/5th of the total girls visited Delhi. Number of girls who visited Jodhpur is half of the girls visited Delhi. 2/3rd of the remaining girls visited Kolkata. Total number of students who visited Mumbai is 300. 20% of the total boys visited Delhi. 40% of the total boys visited Jodhpur. Equal number of boys visited Kolkata and Varanasi.
(A). 111
(B). 91
(C). 132
(D). 32
Right Answer: C
74.
Study the information carefully to answer the questions that follow.
In a school there are 1200 students who have visited five different cities viz. Delhi, Kolkata, Varanasi, Mumbai and Jodhpur. 45% of the total students are boys. 30% of the total girls visited Mumbai. 2/5th of the total girls visited Delhi. Number of girls who visited Jodhpur is half of the girls visited Delhi. 2/3rd of the remaining girls visited Kolkata. Total number of students who visited Mumbai is 300. 20% of the total boys visited Delhi. 40% of the total boys visited Jodhpur. Equal number of boys visited Kolkata and Varanasi.
(A). 110
(B). 122
(C). 101
(D). 104
Right Answer: A
75.
Study the information carefully to answer the questions that follow.
In a school there are 1200 students who have visited five different cities viz. Delhi, Kolkata, Varanasi, Mumbai and Jodhpur. 45% of the total students are boys. 30% of the total girls visited Mumbai. 2/5th of the total girls visited Delhi. Number of girls who visited Jodhpur is half of the girls visited Delhi. 2/3rd of the remaining girls visited Kolkata. Total number of students who visited Mumbai is 300. 20% of the total boys visited Delhi. 40% of the total boys visited Jodhpur. Equal number of boys visited Kolkata and Varanasi.
(A). 464
(B). 484
(C). 536
(D). 556
Right Answer: B
76.
Study the following graph carefully to answer the questions that follow.
Number of students (in thousands) in three schools over the year
(A). 30000
(B). 9000
(C). 3000
(D). 6000
Right Answer: C
77.
Study the following graph carefully to answer the questions that follow.
Number of students (in thousands) in three schools over the year
(A). 2
(B). 5
(C). 4
(D). 3
Right Answer: D
78.
Study the following graph carefully to answer the questions that follow.
Number of students (in thousands) in three schools over the year
(A). 85
(B). 80
(C). 75
(D). 184
Right Answer: A
79.
Study the following graph carefully to answer the questions that follow.
Number of students (in thousands) in three schools over the year
(A). 2000
(B). 3000
(C). 3500
(D). 2500
Right Answer: D
80.
Study the following graph carefully to answer the questions that follow.
Number of students (in thousands) in three schools over the year
(A). 1990
(B). 2090
(C). 2300
(D). 1800
Right Answer: B
81.
Study the following graph carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Three different products (in thousands) produced by a company in five different years
What was the average number of Pen drives produced by the companyover all the years together?
(A). 1700
(B). 1. 7 Lakh
(C). 17000
(D). 85000
Right Answer: C
82.
Study the following graph carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Three different products (in thousands) produced by a company in five different years
What was the total number of all the products produced by the companyin the year 2006 and 2008 together?
(A). 10750
(B). 107. 5 Lakh
(C). 105700
(D). 10570
Right Answer: E
83.
Study the following graph carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Three different products (in thousands) produced by a company in five different years
What was the respective ratio between the number of CDs produced bythe company in the year 2009 and the number of keyboards produced bythe company in the year 2005?
(A). 9:10
(B). 11:10
(C). 10:9
(D). 10:11
Right Answer: A
84.
Study the following graph carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Three different products (in thousands) produced by a company in five different years
What is the difference between the total number of Pen drives and CDsproduced by the company together in the year 2008 and the number ofkey boards produced by the company in the year 2006?
(A). 40000
(B). 4000
(C). 35000
(D). 3500
Right Answer: A
85.
Study the following graph carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Three different products (in thousands) produced by a company in five different years
What was the respective ratio between the number of key boardsproduced by the company in the year 2006, 2007 and 2009?
(A). 1:2:3
(B). 1:2:2
(C). 2:1:3
(D). 1:2:1
Right Answer: D
86. A man crosses a stationary train in 12 min. The same train crosses aman in 54 s. What was the respective ratio between the speed of thetrain and the man?
(A). 40:7
(B). 400:3
(C). 40:3
(D). Can't be determined
Right Answer: C
87. If a number is subtracted by 2/3rd of 75% of 600, the value soobtained is 320. What is the number?
(A). 300
(B). 620
(C). 720
(D). 500
Right Answer: B
88. The ratio between the angles of a quadrilateral is 7:2:5:6respectively. What is the sum of double the smallest angle and halfthe largest angle to the quadrilateral?
(A). 162˚
(B). 198˚
(C). 99˚
(D). 135˚
Right Answer: D
89. 3 men can complete a piece of work in 6 days. 5 women can completethe same work in 18 days. In how many days will 4 men and 10 womentogether complete the same work?
(A). 3 days
(B). 5 days
(C). 2 days
(D). 4 days
Right Answer: A
90. The sum of five consecutive numbers is 270. What is the sum of thesecond and the fifth number?
(A). 108
(B). 107
(C). 110
(D). Can't be determined
Right Answer: E
91. Rohit invested some amount at the rate of 6 pcpa and at the end of 3years he got Rs. 8730 simple interest. How much compound interest hewill get on same amount and same rate of interest after 2 years?
(A). Rs. 5820
(B). Rs. 5949. 60
(C). Rs. 5900
(D). Rs. 5994. 60
Right Answer: D
92. Car A runs at the speed of 65 km/h and reaches its destination in 8h. What is the respective ratio of distances covered by Car A and CarB?
(A). 11:7
(B). 7:13
(C). 13:7
(D). 7:11
Right Answer: C
93. The ratio of students in school A, B and C is 5:4:7 respectively. Ifnumber of students in schools are increased by 20%, 25% and 20%respectively then what will be the ratio of students in school A, Band C respectively?
(A). 5:5:7
(B). 30:25:42
(C). 30:20:49
(D). Can't be determined
Right Answer: B
94. In a class, the average height of 35 girls was measured 160 cm. Lateron, it was discovered that the height of one of the girl was misreadas 144 cm, while her actual height was 104 cm. What was the actualaverage height of girls in the class? (rounded off to two digitsafter decimal)
(A). 159. 86 cm
(B). 158. 54 cm
(C). 159. 56 cm
(D). 158. 74 cm
Right Answer: E
95.
Read the following information carefully to answer the questions that follow.
There are 2500 people in a village. 1375 people of this village speak only local language. 200 people of the village speak English along with local language. Number of people speaking Hindi along with local language is 625. 300 people of the village speak three languages, i.e., English, Hindi and local language.
Number of people speaking English as one language is what percent ofthe total number of people of the village?
(A). 12
(B). 8
(C). 20
(D). 18
Right Answer: C
96.
Read the following information carefully to answer the questions that follow.
There are 2500 people in a village. 1375 people of this village speak only local language. 200 people of the village speak English along with local language. Number of people speaking Hindi along with local language is 625. 300 people of the village speak three languages, i.e., English, Hindi and local language.
Number of people speaking only local language is what percent of thetotal number of people of the village?
(A). 45
(B). 55
(C). 58
(D). 40
Right Answer: B
97.
Read the following information carefully to answer the questions that follow.
There are 2500 people in a village. 1375 people of this village speak only local language. 200 people of the village speak English along with local language. Number of people speaking Hindi along with local language is 625. 300 people of the village speak three languages, i.e., English, Hindi and local language.
Number of people speaking Hindi as one language is approximately whatpercent of the number of people speaking only local language?
(A). 67
(B). 70
(C). 61
(D). 59
Right Answer: A
98.
Read the following information carefully to answer the questions that follow.
There are 2500 people in a village. 1375 people of this village speak only local language. 200 people of the village speak English along with local language. Number of people speaking Hindi along with local language is 625. 300 people of the village speak three languages, i.e., English, Hindi and local language.
What is the respective ratio of the number of people speaking all thethree languages to the number of people speaking both Hindi and locallanguage?
(A). 12:55
(B). 10:25
(C). 14:55
(D). 12:25
Right Answer: E
99.
Read the following information carefully to answer the questions that follow.
There are 2500 people in a village. 1375 people of this village speak only local language. 200 people of the village speak English along with local language. Number of people speaking Hindi along with local language is 625. 300 people of the village speak three languages, i.e., English, Hindi and local language.
If 25 more people speaking all the three languages and 45 more peoplespeaking both Hindi and local languages start living in the villagethen what will be the difference between the number of peoplespeaking all the three languages and the number of people speakingboth Hindi and local languages?
(A). 325
(B). 330
(C). 340
(D). 355
Right Answer: E
100. Aman�s expense is 30% more than Vimal�s expense and Vimal�sexpense is 10% less than Raman�s expense. If the sum of theirexpenses is Rs. 6447, then what would be the Aman�s expense?
(A). Rs. 2200
(B). Rs. 2457
(C). Rs. 1890
(D). Rs. 2100
Right Answer: B
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